"ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ᠂ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
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| 58-р мөр: | 58-р мөр: | ||
=ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ= | =ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ= | ||
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | |||
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠠ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠤ "ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠨᠠᠪᠠᠽᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠣᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ" ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠠᠠᠳᠣ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠ ᠸᠢᠨ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠵᠣᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠳᠠ"᠂ ᠷᠠᠹᠠᠧᠯ ᠦᠨ "ᠡᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠢᠨᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠭ" ᠍ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":1" /> | |||
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1945 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ "ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ" ᠻᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠍ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠲᠦ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠥᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠹᠠᠱᠢᠰᠲ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 2 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠨ᠍ᠭ᠌ᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ "ᠳ᠋ᠧᠲ᠋ᠰᠻᠠᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷᠠ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲ᠋ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃<ref name=":1" /> | |||
ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref name=":2" /> | |||
ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠤ᠂ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ XII ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠻᠣᠮᠮᠦ᠋ᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢᠻᠢᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠬᠷᠦ᠋ᠱᠶᠣᠹ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠰᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠥᠮᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃<ref name=":3">ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ "ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ 2016. https://www.tolgoilogch.mn/_rz0lbilwgd/al</ref> | |||
ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ 1947 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠᠮᠴᠣ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠳᠬᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠥᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠩᠭᠦᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1957 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠻᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠯᠧᠻᠼᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠌"ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠨ᠂ "ᠵᠠ᠂ ᠪᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref name=":3" /> ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ 1958 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠤᠴᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | |||
=ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ= | =ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ= | ||
00:08, 19 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2022-ий байдлаарх засвар
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠲᠣᠪᠬᠢᠮᠠᠯ᠂ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ᠂ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠱ᠂ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠴᠧᠬ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠡᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃
| ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ
| |
|---|---|
| ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | |
| ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | 1905 ᠣᠨ ᠦ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 21 |
| ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠴᠠᠷ | ᠪᠤᠯᠰᠠᠷᠠᠢ (ᠬᠨᠷᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠤᠷ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ)[1] |
| ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ | ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠥᠭᠥᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |
| ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠥᠳ | 1927 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ |
| ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ |
| ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠣᠷᠠᠯ | ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠧᠹ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ (ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠦᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ) 1914-1920 ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠦᠳᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻᠤᠮ 1923-1924 |
| ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠣᠯᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | ᠠ |
| ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ |
| ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ/ᠴᠣᠯ | ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢᠴᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ |
| ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ | {{{awards}}} |
ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1905 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 21 ᠡ᠋ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠠᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠰᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ[2] ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃[3]
ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠᠵᠠᠪ (1874-1921) ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠪᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠩᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠮᠳᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠮᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠭᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[4]
ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨᠳᠥᠷᠵᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠯᠦᠨᠴᠡ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠨᠮᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨ ∙ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ (1866-1923) ᠭᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ 1914 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠴᠦ ᠡᠯᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠪᠡ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ 1924-1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠩᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠰᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃
1927-1936 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠵᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠬᠢᠸ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠲᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠶᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[5]
ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶ ᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃[5]
ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠫᠧᠷᠨᠤᠹᠰᠻᠢ 1937 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 8 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 28 ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ 115 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 77 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠠ᠋ – ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ 1937 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 9 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 10 ᠍ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠵᠤ᠂ "ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠯᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠳᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ 1937᠂ 1938 ᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1939 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 4 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠻᠣᠮᠢᠰᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃[6]
1942 ᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ "ᠦᠨᠡᠨ" ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠯᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃[6]
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠵᠦ᠂ 10 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[7]
ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠧᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠢᠳᠧᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠳ᠃ ᠰᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ "ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃[7]
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1942-1958 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ "ᠦᠨᠡᠨ" ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠧᠳᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ᠂ 1958-1977 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠍ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠬᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 5 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 16 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠻᠣᠮᠢᠰᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ᠂ 1963 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 05 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 025 ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃[6]
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠍ ᠳ᠋ᠦ "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ" ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ (Sc.D) ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1965 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ "ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠳᠠᠯ" ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ" ᠍ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠨᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ "ᠠᠪᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃[5]
ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠠ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠤ "ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠨᠠᠪᠠᠽᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠣᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ" ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠠᠠᠳᠣ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠ ᠸᠢᠨ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠵᠣᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠳᠠ"᠂ ᠷᠠᠹᠠᠧᠯ ᠦᠨ "ᠡᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠢᠨᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠭ" ᠍ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[6]
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1945 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ "ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ" ᠻᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠍ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠲᠦ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠥᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠹᠠᠱᠢᠰᠲ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 2 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠨ᠍ᠭ᠌ᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ "ᠳ᠋ᠧᠲ᠋ᠰᠻᠠᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷᠠ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲ᠋ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[6]
ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃[7]
ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠤ᠂ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ XII ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠻᠣᠮᠮᠦ᠋ᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢᠻᠢᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠬᠷᠦ᠋ᠱᠶᠣᠹ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠰᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠥᠮᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[8]
ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ 1947 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠᠮᠴᠣ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠳᠬᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠥᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠩᠭᠦᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1957 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠻᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠯᠧᠻᠼᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠌"ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠨ᠂ "ᠵᠠ᠂ ᠪᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃[8] ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ 1958 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠤᠴᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ
ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ
ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ
ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ
- ↑ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠮᠨᠠᠯ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠃ 2016᠃ http://altanbulag.se.gov.mn/news/230/single/103
- ↑ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ)᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2022/11/13᠃https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/47
- ↑ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡᠴᠦᠳᠳ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠃ 2021/02/22᠃ http://selenge.gov.mn/beta/3/item/16
- ↑ ᠴ᠂ ᠣᠳᠬᠠᠨᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ᠄ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩ᠊᠂ᠴᠠ᠊᠂ᠮᠡ᠊᠂ 2022/09/19᠃ https://montsame.mn/en/read/304129
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 ᠷᠢ᠊᠂ ᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷᠠ᠃ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ Newsfeed 2022/01/15. https://newsfeed.mn/uls-tur/byambyn-rincheniy-amdralyn-bodit-tkh
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ (1905 – 1977)᠃ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ 2016/07/26.https://hureelen.wordpress.com/2016/07/26/%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-1905-1977/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠴᠢ ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠡ᠋᠃ Eaglenews 2019/11/22. http://eagle.mn/r/65451
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ "ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ 2016. https://www.tolgoilogch.mn/_rz0lbilwgd/al