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<div style="max-height: 80vh; writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |[[File:Interkosmos.jpg|thumb|center]] |style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ |} <br>ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ<sup>Интеркосмос</sup> ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ [[ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ]] ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989</ref> ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>academy</sup> ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠪᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref>[http://sovet.cosmos.ru/sites/default/files/history/2_14.pdf Создание Совета по международному сотрудничеству в области исследования и использования космического пространства в мирных целях при АН СССР (Совет «Интеркосмос»)]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref> ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋<sup>socialist</sup> ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref name=":0">[http://kik-sssr.ru/Interkosmos.htm Спутники "Интеркосмос"]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref> ᠤᠭ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ "ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠩᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋᠂ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ᠂ ᠷᠦᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ [[ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br> ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ [[ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br> ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ 1969 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 10 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 14 ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br> ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ - ᠲᠡᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup> ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref name=":16">[http://nsse2018.ac.mn/uploads/papers/1570593240BUTEEL_20_3.pdf Д.Батмөнх, С.Ваша, Ч.Лхагважав, С.Н.Опарин. Излучение He-подобного иона МэXI солнца в диапазоне 𝝀𝛌9, 15 ÷ 9, 32. ШУА. Физик-Техникийн Хүрээлэн. 1981 №20]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref><br> ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ - ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ 1981 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 22 - 30 ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<sup>Союз-39</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39 ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ<sup>Салют</sup> ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ<sup>station</sup> ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<sup>Владимир Жанибеков</sup>᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃ <br><br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |[[File:Soyuz_18_booster.jpg|thumb|center]] |style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ [[ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷᠲᠦ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ|ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ]] |} <br> ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1991 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ<sup>Союз</sup>᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠫᠣᠯᠯᠣ᠋<sup>Apollo</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠳ 1975 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ 1970-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠯᠢ<sup>Shuttle</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ NASA ᠪᠠ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠢ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 1980-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠠᠨ<sup>Буран</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_-_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir#2.1.6_Shuttle-Salyut_.281973-1978.3B_1980s.29 Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref> ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1990-᠊ᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲᠯᠢ - ᠮᠢᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br> ==ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ== <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |[[File:Intercosmos 1 2.jpg|thumb|center]] |style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ |} <br> ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ <br> ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ !ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ !ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ !ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ [[Цахилгаан соронзон долгионы хуваарь|ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ]] ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ |1969/10/14 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-1<sup>Вертикаль-1</sup> |ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠢᠣᠨ<sup>ion</sup> ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1970/11/28 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-2 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ<sup>Röntgen</sup> ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1971/08/20 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6 |ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ |1972/04/07 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-9 |ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠣᠫᠧᠷᠨᠢᠴᠤᠰ-500<sup>Copernicus</sup> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠃ 200-1550 km ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ |1973/04/04 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-14 |ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ |1975/06/03 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-3 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1975/09/02 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-15 |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠬᠤ |1976/06/19 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ |1976/07/27 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-5 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1977/08/30 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-17 |ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ <sup>energy</sup> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ [[ᠻᠸᠠᠷᠻ|ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ]]᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1977/09/24 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-6 |ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ |1977/10/25 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 |ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ [[ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ]] ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ<ref>Magion</ref> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ |1978/10/24 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-7 |ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ |1978/11/03 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-19 |ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ [[ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ]] ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ |1979/02/27 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-8 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1979/09/26 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-20 |ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ |1979/11/01 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-21 |ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ |1981/02/06 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-22 |ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋᠃ |1981/08/07 |- |ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-9 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1981/08/28 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-23 | |1985/04/26 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-24 |ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ-2 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>plasma</sup> ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠣ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠢᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠢ<sup>Activity</sup> ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ |1989/09/28 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-25 |ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ<sup>electron</sup> ᠪᠠ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ |1991/12/18 |- |ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-26 |ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ |1994/03/02 |} <br> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠥᠮ ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠠᠭ᠌ᠨᠢ<sup>magnesium</sup> ᠢᠢᠨ He ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃<ref name=":16"/><br> <br> ==ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠳ== <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |[[File:Socialist Mongolia Suit of Mongolian Cosmonaut.jpg|thumb|center]] |style = "height: 90px;"|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ |} <br> ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠦᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#cccccc" !ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ! ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠤᠯᠤᠰ !! ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ !ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭᠠ |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-28<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|40px]] |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠢ ᠭᠤᠪᠠᠷᠧᠹ<ref>Алексей Губарев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠷᠧᠮᠧᠻ<ref>Vladimír Remek</ref> |ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠣᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3" />᠂ <br>ᠣᠯᠲᠷᠢᠻ ᠫᠧᠯᠴᠠᠻ<ref>Oldřich Pelčák</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1978 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 02 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-30<br>[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|40px]] |ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠻᠯᠢᠮᠦ᠋ᠻ<ref>Виктор Климук</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠢᠷᠣᠰᠯᠠᠹ ᠾᠧᠷᠮᠠᠱᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Mirosław Hermaszewski</ref> |ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4" />᠂ <br>ᠽᠧᠨᠣᠨ ᠶᠠᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Zenon Jankowski</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1978 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 27 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-31<br>[[File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg|40px]] |ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8">Валерий Быковский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠢᠭ᠌᠊ᠮᠦ᠋ᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠶᠠᠾᠨ<ref>Sigmund Jähn</ref> |ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5" />᠂ <br>ᠧᠪᠧᠷᠾᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠻᠥᠯᠯᠨᠧᠷ<ref>Eberhard Köllner</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1978 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 26 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-33<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]] |ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠸᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3">Николай Рукавишников</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠸᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Георгий Иванов</ref> |ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6">Юрий Романенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9">Александр Александров</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 <small><small>(ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ)</small></small> |1979 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 10 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-36<br>[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|50px]] |ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4">Валерий Кубасов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠹᠠᠷᠻᠠᠱ<ref>Bertalan Farkas</ref> |ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠯᠠ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷᠢ<ref>Béla Magyari</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1980 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 26 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-37<br>[[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|40px]] |ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5">Виктор Горбатко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠾᠠᠮ ᠲᠦ᠋ᠠᠨ<ref>Pham Tuân</ref> |ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠯᠢᠶᠧᠮ<ref>Bui Thanh Liem</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1980 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 23 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-38<br>[[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|50px]] |ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣ ᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠧᠽ<ref>Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</ref> |ᠶᠧᠸᠭᠧᠨᠢ ᠾᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Евгений Хрунов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠣᠰᠧ ᠹᠠᠯᠻᠣᠨ<ref>José Armando López Falcón</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1980 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 09 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 18 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People's_Republic_(1945–1992).svg|50px]] |ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1">Владимир Джанибеков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ |ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" >Владимир Ляхов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠩᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1981 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 23 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-40<br>[[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).svg|40px]] |ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠫᠣᠫᠣᠹ<ref>Леонид Попов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠫᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠦ<ref>Dumitru Prunariu</ref> |ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠳᠢᠶᠦ<ref>Dumitru Dediu</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |1981 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 14 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]] |ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠢᠸᠠᠨ᠍ᠴᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Иванченков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ<ref name=":15">Jean-Loup Chrétien</ref> |ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠻᠢᠽᠢᠮ<ref>Леонид Кизим</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠶᠣᠹ<ref>Владимир Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠠᠲ᠋ᠷᠢᠻ ᠪᠠᠦ᠋ᠲᠷᠢ<ref>Patrick Baudry</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7 |1982 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 24 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|40px]] |ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠮᠠᠯᠢᠱᠧᠹ<ref>Юрий Малышев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠩᠨᠠᠳᠢ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠧᠻᠠᠯᠣᠹ<ref>Геннадий Стрекалов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠻᠧᠱ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠ<ref>Rakesh Sharma</ref> |ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠧᠷᠧᠽᠣᠸᠣᠢ<ref>Анатолий Березовой</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠭᠷᠧᠴᠻᠣ<ref>Георгий Гречко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠸᠢᠱ ᠮᠠᠯᠾᠣᠲ᠋ᠷᠠ<ref>Ravish Malhotra</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7 |1984 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 02 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-3<br>[[File:Flag_of_Syria.svg|40px]] |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12">Александр Викторенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Александров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠾᠠᠮᠮᠧᠳ᠋ ᠹᠠᠷᠢᠰ<ref>Muhammed Faris</ref> |ᠮᠦᠨᠢᠷ ᠾᠠᠪᠢᠪ<ref>Munir Habib</ref> |ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1987 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 22 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-5<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]] |ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠣᠹ<ref>Анатолий Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠰᠠᠸᠢᠨᠢᠾ<ref>Виктор Савиных</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9" /> |ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠰᠧᠷᠧᠪᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Серебров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻᠷᠠᠰᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠲᠣᠶᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Красимир Стоянов</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1988 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 07 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1987–1992).svg|50px]] ||ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠫᠣᠯᠶᠠᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Валерий Поляков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠯ ᠮᠣᠾᠮᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋<ref>Abdul Mohmand</ref> |ᠮᠣᠾᠠᠮᠮᠠᠳ᠋ ᠮᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠮ<ref>Mohammad Masum</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1988 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 29 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-7<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]] |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13">Александр Волков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2">Сергей Крикалёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ<ref name=":15"/> |ᠮᠢᠱᠧᠯ ᠲᠣᠭ᠌ᠨᠢᠨᠢ<ref>Michel Tognini</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1988 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 26 |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|40px]] |ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠠᠹᠠᠨᠠᠰᠢᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Виктор Афанасьев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠠᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Муса Манаров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠶᠣᠬᠢᠷᠣ᠋ ᠠᠻᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠ<ref>Toyohiro Akiyama</ref> |ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" >Анатолий Арцебарский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2"/>᠂ <br>ᠷᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻᠣ ᠻᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠴᠢ<ref>Ryoko Kikuchi</ref> |ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1990 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 12 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 02 |- |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-12<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|40px]] |ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" />᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2" />᠂ <br>ᠾᠧᠯᠧᠨ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨ<ref>Helen Sharman</ref> |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠻᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ<ref>Александр Калери</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠲᠾᠢ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠰ<ref>Timothy Mace</ref> |ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1991 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 18 |- |- |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-13<br>[[File:Flag_of_Austria.svg|40px]] |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠻᠢᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Токтар Аубакиров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠾᠪᠥᠻ<ref>Franz Viehböck</ref> |ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12" />᠂ <br>ᠲᠠᠯᠭᠠᠲ ᠮᠦᠰᠠᠪᠠᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Талгат Мусабаев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻ᠊ᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠰ ᠯᠣᠲ᠋ᠾᠠᠯᠯᠧᠷ<ref>Clemens Lothaller</ref> |ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ |1991 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 10 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 02 |} <br> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ <b>ᠳᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ</b><sup>detector</sup> ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br> ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋” (“Излучение”) ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br> ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ <b>ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ</b><sup>polarimeter</sup> ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br> ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ” (“Поляризация”) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br> ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ВПА-1М, ВПА-2, УСП-2, ДП-1, ДП-2 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>[http://www.sansar81.mn/index.php?pid=9 ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠤᠳ]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref> <br> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ |[[File:Салют-6.png|thumb|center]] |style = "height: 90px;"|ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 |} <br> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ 36 ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br> ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ 4 ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ 1) ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ-ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup><br> 2) ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ<sup>technology</sup><br> 3) ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ-ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠥᠭᠢ<sup>biology</sup><br> 4) ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ<ref>[https://ikon.mn/n/25v1 ᠴ᠂ ᠠᠳᠢᠶᠠᠰᠦᠷᠦᠩ᠃ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠴᠡᠨ ᠡ᠋᠃ 2021/03/21]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref><br> ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠄<br> ᠪᠢᠣᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠾᠮ<sup>Биоритм</sup><br> ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ <br> ᠨᠧᠫᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠨ<sup>Нептун</sup><br> ᠸᠣᠷᠣᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻ<sup>Воротник</sup><br> ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ <br> ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠦ <br> ᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠰᠲ<sup>Контраст</sup><br> ᠠᠲᠮᠣᠰᠫᠾᠡᠷᠠ<sup>Атмосфера</sup><br> [[ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ]]<br> ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭ ᠠ᠋ <br> ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷᠠ-ᠮᠣᠨ<sup>Биосфера-Мон</sup><br> ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ <br> <br> ==ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠥᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ== ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ - spacecraft - космический корабль <br> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ - satellite - искусственный спутник <br> ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ - launch vehicle - ракета-носитель <br> ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ - orbit - орбита <br> ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ - space flight - космический полет <br> ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ - space station - орбитальная станция <br> ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ - ionosphere - ионосфера <br> ᠰᠥᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ - magnetosphere - магнитосфера <br> ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ - ultraviolet ray - ультрафиолетовый луч <br> ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ - short waves - короткие волны <br> ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ - cosmic radiation - космические лучи <br> ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ - X-ray - рентгеновское излучение <br> <br> ==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ== [[Ангилал:ᠣᠳᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ]] [[Ангилал:ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ]] [[Ангилал:ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ]]
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