Засварлах: ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠭ (хэсэгчилэн)

=ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ=
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Hot metalwork.jpg |thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span>
<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr;>
ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠥ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠵᠢᠷᠣᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠠᠳ  ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠦ ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠣᠷᠲᠠ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠦᠶᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠣᠷᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠋ᠹᠷᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠻᠠᠮᠧᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠢᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ (ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠣᠯ) ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠰᠣ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠲᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠨᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠢ ᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠰ ᠬᠠ ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠥᠢᠢᠯᠡ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ》 ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ》 ᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ 
ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠲᠣᠷ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯ ᠡ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠮᠭᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠡ᠃ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠦᠷ ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠠ᠃ 

 <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:RWP-comparison.svg|thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span>
ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ 1900 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ (Max Planck) ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[4] ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠣᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃  
ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋  ᠳᠦᠩ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠢ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ 《ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ》᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠫᠷᠥᠫᠥᠷᠼᠢᠶᠥᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 
ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ h  ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ 6.63×10−34 ᠵᠣᠥ᠋ᠯ (Joule) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠋ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃ f  ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ  
E=nhf, n = 1, 2, 3 …[5]
ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃ 
ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠊ᠣ ᠻ᠋ᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ 《ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻ᠋ᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠢ ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠵᠣ》ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋᠋ᠻ ᠳ᠋ᠣ1918 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠨᠣᠪᠧᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ[6]᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠻ᠋ᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠠᠲᠢᠻ ᠣᠪ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ[7]᠃