17:48, 14 Наймдугаар сар 2024-ий байдлаарх одоогийн засвар

ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ (ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ evolutio — «ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ») ᠪᠣᠯ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ᠂ᠧᠻᠣᠰᠢᠰᠲᠧᠮ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ^biosphere ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠄ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ᠃

ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠃
ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠰᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠫᠷᠥᠭᠷᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃^[1]
ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋᠋᠋᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃^[2]

ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠣᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ᠌᠍᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠴᠠ᠊᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ (1859) ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠵᠣ᠂ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠥ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠬᠣ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬ᠍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠣᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠ ᠣᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠃^[3]

ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃^[4]᠎

ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠥᠨᠡᠰᠥ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠥᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠥ ᠡᠭᠥᠷᠯᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠣᠲᠣᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ‍ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠥ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃^[5]

ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠰᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃^[6]

ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ (gene flow) ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠡᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ^[7]᠃
ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠤᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠢᠢᠬᠦ (mutation bias) ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃^[8]

ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ (adaptedness) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠴᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ᠂ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠮᠢᠬᠥ ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃^[9] ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ‍ᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠥᠳ (adaptive traits) ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍‍ᠳᠥ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ‍ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠶ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ (coevolution) ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ^[10]ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠳᠠᠮ - ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠ ᠬᠣ ᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠪᠥᠯᠥᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠶᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠥᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠡᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠭᠡᠮ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠥᠯᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠯᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃^[11]

ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠰᠢᠨ᠌ᠡ᠋ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠳ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠴᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ᠌ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ "ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠡᠬᠥᠰᠥᠯ" ᠪᠥᠳᠥᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃^[12]

ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠥᠬᠥᠯᠢ ᠪᠥᠲᠣᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠬᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠰᠣᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠷᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃^[13]

ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
Darwinism
heredity
variation
natural selection
adaptation
co-evolution
cooperation
speciation
extinction
эволюционная теория
Чарльз Дарвин
дарвинизм
наследственность
изменчивость
естественнй отбор
приспособление
вымирание
происхождение видов

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/080/266.htm
↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/051/451.htm
↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/129/084.htm
↑ https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/intraspecific-competition
↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/interspecific-competition
↑ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/
↑ Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081
↑ R. Hershberg and D. A. Petrov (2010). "Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria". PLoS Genet. 6 (9): e1001115. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115. PMC 2936535. PMID 20838599
↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0. LCCN 72127363. OCLC 97663
↑ Wade, Michael J. (March 2007). "The co-evolutionary genetics of ecological communities". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1038/nrg2031. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17279094. S2CID 36705246.
↑ Gardner, Andy; Griffin, Ashleigh; West, Stuart (December 2009). Theory of Cooperation. eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. ISBN 978-0470016176.
↑ Via, Sara (June 16, 2009). "Natural selection in action during speciation". PNAS. 106 (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9939V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901397106. PMC 2702801. PMID 19528641.
↑ Goddard, Matthew R.; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Burt, Austin (March 31, 2005). "Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations". Nature. 434 (7033): 636–640. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..636G. doi:10.1038/nature03405. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15800622

[1] ttps://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/080/266.htm

[2] ttps://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/051/451.htm

[3] ttps://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/129/084.htm

[4] ttps://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/intraspecific-competition

[5] ttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/interspecific-competition

[6] ttps://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/

[7] Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081

[8] R. Hershberg and D. A. Petrov (2010). "Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria". PLoS Genet. 6 (9): e1001115. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115. PMC 2936535. PMID 20838599

[9] Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0. LCCN 72127363. OCLC 97663

[10] Wade, Michael J. (March 2007). "The co-evolutionary genetics of ecological communities". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1038/nrg2031. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17279094. S2CID 36705246.

[11] Gardner, Andy; Griffin, Ashleigh; West, Stuart (December 2009). Theory of Cooperation. eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. ISBN 978-0470016176.

[12] Via, Sara (June 16, 2009). "Natural selection in action during speciation". PNAS. 106 (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9939V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901397106. PMC 2702801. PMID 19528641.

[13] Goddard, Matthew R.; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Burt, Austin (March 31, 2005). "Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations". Nature. 434 (7033): 636–640. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..636G. doi:10.1038/nature03405. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15800622

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@@ 1-р мөр: / 1-р мөр: @@
-{{Garchig}}
+<div style = "writing-mode: vertical-lr">
 {{Horizontal}}[[File:The origin and evolution of life, on the theory of action, reaction and interaction of energy (1917) (14579497359).jpg|thumb|{{Mongolian}}ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ<br>ᠣᠨᠣᠯ]]{{Z}}
@@ 15-р мөр: / 15-р мөр: @@
 ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ᠌᠍᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠴᠠ᠊᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ (1859) ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠵᠣ᠂ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠥ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠬᠣ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬ᠍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠣᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠ ᠣᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠃<ref>https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/129/084.htm</ref>
 ===ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ===
+ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/intraspecific-competition</ref>᠎
 ===ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ===
+ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠥᠨᠡᠰᠥ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠥᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠥ ᠡᠭᠥᠷᠯᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠣᠲᠣᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ‍ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠥ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/interspecific-competition</ref>
 ==ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ==
-==ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ==
+ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠰᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/</ref>
 ==ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ==
+ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ (gene flow) ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠡᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ<ref>Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081</ref>᠃<br>
+ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃<br>
 ==ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠤᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ==
+ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠢᠢᠬᠦ (mutation bias) ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃<br>
+ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>R. Hershberg and D. A. Petrov (2010). "Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria". PLoS Genet. 6 (9): e1001115. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115. PMC 2936535. PMID 20838599</ref>
 =ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ=
-==ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠤ==
+==ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ==
+ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ (adaptedness) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠴᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ᠂ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠮᠢᠬᠥ ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃<ref>Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0. LCCN 72127363. OCLC 97663</ref> ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ‍ᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠥᠳ (adaptive traits) ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍‍ᠳᠥ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃
 ==ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ==
+ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ‍ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠶ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ (coevolution) ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃
+<ref>Wade, Michael J. (March 2007). "The co-evolutionary genetics of ecological communities". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1038/nrg2031. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17279094. S2CID 36705246.
+</ref>ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋
+ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠳᠠᠮ -
+ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠ  ᠬᠣ ᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
 ==ᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ==
+ᠪᠥᠯᠥᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠶᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠥᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠡᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ  ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠭᠡᠮ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠥᠯᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠯᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃<ref>
+Gardner, Andy; Griffin, Ashleigh; West, Stuart (December 2009). Theory of Cooperation. eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. ISBN 978-0470016176.</ref>
 ==ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ==
+ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠰᠢᠨ᠌ᠡ᠋ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠳ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠴᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ᠌ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ "ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠡᠬᠥᠰᠥᠯ" ᠪᠥᠳᠥᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Via, Sara (June 16, 2009). "Natural selection in action during speciation". PNAS. 106 (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9939V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901397106. PMC 2702801. PMID 19528641.</ref>
 ==ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ==
+ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠥᠬᠥᠯᠢ ᠪᠥᠲᠣᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠬᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠰᠣᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠷᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Goddard, Matthew R.; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Burt, Austin (March 31, 2005). "Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations". Nature. 434 (7033): 636–640. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..636G. doi:10.1038/nature03405. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15800622</ref>
+=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ=
+{{Horizontal}}
+Theory of Evolution<br>
+Charles Darwin<br>
+Darwinism<br>
+heredity<br>
+variation<br>
+natural selection<br>
+adaptation<br>
+co-evolution<br>
+cooperation<br>
+speciation<br>
+extinction<br>
+эволюционная теория<br>
+Чарльз Дарвин<br>
+дарвинизм<br>
+наследственность<br>
+изменчивость<br>
+естественнй отбор<br>
+приспособление<br>
+вымирание<br>
+происхождение видов<br>
+{{Z}}
-=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ=
 =ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ=
+{{Horizontal}}
+[[Category:ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ‏‎]]