17:16, 2 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2020-ий байдлаарх одоогийн засвар

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠩᠰᠢ

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ^[1]
ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ^[2]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠼ^dissociation OH^- ᠠᠨᠢᠣᠨ᠍^anion ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠻᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠣᠨ^cation ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠻᠠᠯᠼᠢ^Calcium ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ Ia ᠪᠠ IIa ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋^hydroxide ᠦ᠋ᠳ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ NaOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠷ), KOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠻᠠᠯᠢ), Ba(OH)₂ (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢ) ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠣᠨᠴᠣᠭᠤᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ LiOH᠂ NaOH᠂ КОН᠂ RbOH᠂ CsOH ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠰᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃

ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠻᠠᠷᠪᠣᠨᠠᠲ^carbonate ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ


${\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}};$	${\mathsf {NaOH+HNO_{3}\longrightarrow NaNO_{3}+H_{2}O}}.$

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ

{\mathsf {Ca(OH)_{2}+CO_{2}\longrightarrow CaCO_{3}\downarrow +H_{2}O}}

;

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

{\mathsf {2KOH+ZnO\xrightarrow {t^{o}C} K_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}O}}.

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ^amphoteric ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (Zn, Al ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄


${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH\longrightarrow Na_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}\uparrow }};$		${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2KAlO_{2}+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠻᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ:


${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow Na_{2}[Zn(OH)_{4}]+H_{2}\uparrow }};$		${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+6H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_{4}]+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ + ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ → ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ + ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ


${\mathsf {2NaOH+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow Cu(OH)_{2}\downarrow +Na_{2}SO_{4}}};$		${\mathsf {Ba(OH)_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\longrightarrow 2NaOH+BaSO_{4}\downarrow }}.$

ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ
ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ
ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

[1] BBC. Acids and Bases. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25

[2] Prime chemicals group. Щелочи: понятие, свойства и применение. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25

[1]

[2]

@@ 1-р мөр: / 1-р мөр: @@
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 =ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ=
-ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ [[ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyn3b9q/revision/2 BBC. Acids and Bases. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25]</ref>
+<br>
+{{Image
+|Filename=Rocks_-_Alkali_feldspar_granite.JPG
+|text=ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠩᠰᠢ
+}}
+<br>
+ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ [[ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyn3b9q/revision/2 BBC. Acids and Bases. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25]</ref><br>
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ <ref>[https://pcgroup.ru/blog/schelochi-ponyatie-svojstva-i-primenenie Prime chemicals group. Щелочи: понятие, свойства и применение. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25]</ref>
-==
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠼ<sup>dissociation</sup> OH<sup>-</sup> ᠠᠨᠢᠣᠨ᠍<sup>anion</sup> ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠻᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠣᠨ<sup>cation</sup> ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠻᠠᠯᠼᠢ<sup>Calcium</sup> ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ Ia ᠪᠠ IIa ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ  ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋<sup>hydroxide</sup> ᠦ᠋ᠳ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ NaOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠷ), KOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠻᠠᠯᠢ), Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢ) ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
+ᠣᠨᠴᠣᠭᠤᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
+ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ LiOH᠂ NaOH᠂ КОН᠂ RbOH᠂ CsOH ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠰᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
+<br>
+=ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ=
+<br>
+{{Image
+|Filename=Acid-Alkali_titration.gif
+|text=ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ
+}}
+<br>
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠻᠠᠷᠪᠣᠨᠠᠲ<sup>carbonate</sup> ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
+ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+<br><br>
+==ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
+ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
+<br><b>
+: '''ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ'''
+<br></b>
+<small>
+: {|
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{NaOH + HCl \longrightarrow NaCl + H_2O};</math>
+!<math>\mathsf{NaOH + HNO_3 \longrightarrow NaNO_3 + H_2O}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
+<br>
+==ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+: '''ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ'''
+:<math>\mathsf{Ca(OH)_2 + CO_2 \longrightarrow CaCO_3 \downarrow + H_2O}</math>;
+</small>
+<br>
+==ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
+<small>
+: <math>\mathsf{2KOH + ZnO \xrightarrow{t^oC} K_2ZnO_2 + H_2O}.</math>
+</small>
+<br>
+==ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
+ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ<sup>amphoteric</sup> ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (Zn, Al ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄
+<br>
+<small>
+: {|
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH \longrightarrow Na_2ZnO_2 + H_2 \uparrow};</math>
+!
+!<math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow 2KAlO_2 + 3H_2 \uparrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
+<br>
+ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠻᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ:
+<small>
+: {|
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow Na_2[Zn(OH)_4] + H_2 \uparrow};</math>
+!
+!<math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 6H_2O \longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_4] + 3H_2 \uparrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
+<br>
+==ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
+ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃
+: '''ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ + ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ → ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ + ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ'''
+:{|
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{2NaOH + CuSO_4 \longrightarrow Cu(OH)_2 \downarrow + Na_2SO_4};</math>
+!
+!<math>\mathsf{Ba(OH)_2 + Na_2SO_4 \longrightarrow 2NaOH + BaSO_4 \downarrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
+<br>
 =ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ=
 [[ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ]]<br>
 [[ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ]]<br>
 [[ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ]]<br>
-=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ=
+<span style = "display: none">
-{{Horizontal}}
+шүлт
-шүлт<br>
+суурь
-суурь<br>
+alcali
-{{Z}}
+base
+щелочи
+основания
+гидроксиды
+</span>
+<br>
 =ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ=
-{{Horizontal}}
+[[Category:ᠬᠢᠮᠢ‏‎]]