"ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд

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(Хэрэглэгчид 34 дундын хувилбарууд харагдахгүй)
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|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ
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<br>ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ<sup>Интеркосмос</sup> ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989</ref>  
<br>ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ<sup>Интеркосмос</sup> ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ [[ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ]] ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989</ref>  
 
ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>academy</sup> ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠪᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref>[http://sovet.cosmos.ru/sites/default/files/history/2_14.pdf Создание Совета по международному сотрудничеству в области исследования и использования космического пространства в мирных целях при АН СССР (Совет «Интеркосмос»)]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref> 
 
ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋<sup>socialist</sup> ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref name=":0">[http://kik-sssr.ru/Interkosmos.htm Спутники "Интеркосмос"]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref>   
 
ᠤᠭ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ "ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃


ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠪᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠤᠭ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ "ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠡᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠩᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠩᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃


ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋᠂ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ᠂ ᠷᠦᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃


ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1991 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  
ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃
 
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃
 
ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ [[ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ [[ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ 1969 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14 ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br>
 
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ - ᠲᠡᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup> ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref name=":16">[http://nsse2018.ac.mn/uploads/papers/1570593240BUTEEL_20_3.pdf Д.Батмөнх,
С.Ваша, Ч.Лхагважав, С.Н.Опарин. Излучение He-подобного иона МэXI солнца в диапазоне 𝝀𝛌9, 15 ÷ 9, 32. ШУА. Физик-Техникийн Хүрээлэн. 1981 №20]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref><br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ - ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ 1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22 - 30 ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<sup>Союз-39</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ  ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
 
ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39 ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ<sup>Салют</sup> ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ<sup>station</sup> ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<sup>Владимир Жанибеков</sup>᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
 
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃    <br><br>
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ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1991 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  


ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ<sup>Союз</sup>᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠫᠣᠯᠯᠣ᠋<sup>Apollo</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍1975 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ<sup>Союз</sup>᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠫᠣᠯᠯᠣ᠋<sup>Apollo</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍1975 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃


ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1970-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠯᠢ<sup>Shuttle</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ<sup>Салют</sup> ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ<sup>station</sup> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ NASA ᠪᠠ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠢ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1970-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠯᠢ<sup>Shuttle</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ NASA ᠪᠠ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠢ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃


ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 1980-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠠᠨ᠎<sup>Буран</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_-_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir#2.1.6_Shuttle-Salyut_.281973-1978.3B_1980s.29 Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref>  
ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 1980-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠠᠨ᠎<sup>Буран</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_-_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir#2.1.6_Shuttle-Salyut_.281973-1978.3B_1980s.29 Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref>  


ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1990-᠊ᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲᠯᠢ - ᠮᠢᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃  
ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1990-᠊ᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲᠯᠢ - ᠮᠢᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃  


ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃


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==ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ==
==ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ==
ᠲᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ
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ᠲᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ
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ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ <br>
ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ‍ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br>
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{| class="wikitable"
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!ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ
!ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ
!ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ [[Цахилгаан соронзон долгионы хуваарь|ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ]] ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ
|1969/10/14
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-1<sup>Вертикаль-1</sup>
|ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎<sup>ion</sup> ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1970/11/28
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-2
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎<sup>Röntgen</sup> ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1971/08/20
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6
|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ
|1972/04/07
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-9
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠣᠫᠧᠷᠨᠢᠴᠤᠰ-500<sup>Copernicus</sup> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠃ 200-1550 km ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ
|1973/04/04
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-14
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ
|1975/06/03
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-3
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1975/09/02
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-15
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠬᠤ
|1976/06/19
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|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ
|1976/07/27
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-5
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1977/08/30
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-17
|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ <sup>energy</sup> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ [[ᠻᠸᠠᠷᠻ|ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ]]᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1977/09/24
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|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-6
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ
|1977/10/25
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|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ [[ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ]] ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎<ref>Magion</ref> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
|1978/10/24
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-7
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ
|1978/11/03
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-19
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ [[ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ]] ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ
|1979/02/27
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|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-8
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1979/09/26
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-20
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂  ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ
|1979/11/01
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|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-21
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂  ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ
|1981/02/06
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-22
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
|1981/08/07
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-9
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1981/08/28
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-23
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|1985/04/26
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-24
|ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎-2 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>plasma</sup> ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠢᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠢ<sup>Activity</sup> ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ
|1989/09/28
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-25
|ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ<sup>electron</sup> ᠪᠠ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ
|1991/12/18
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|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-26
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1994/03/02
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ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠮᠠᠭ᠌ᠨᠢ<sup>magnesium</sup> ‍ᠢᠢᠨ He ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃<ref name=":16"/><br>
<br>
==ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ==
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
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|[[File:Socialist Mongolia Suit of Mongolian Cosmonaut.jpg|thumb|center]]
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ
|}
<br>
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠦᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br>
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ
! ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠤᠯᠤᠰ !! ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ
!ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-28<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠢ ᠭᠤᠪᠠᠷᠧᠹ<ref>Алексей Губарев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠷᠧᠮᠧᠻ<ref>Vladimír Remek</ref>
|ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠣᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3" />᠂ <br>ᠣᠯᠲᠷᠢᠻ ᠫᠧᠯᠴᠠᠻ<ref>Oldřich Pelčák</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-30<br>[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|40px]]
|ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠻᠯᠢᠮᠦ᠋ᠻ<ref>Виктор Климук</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠢᠷᠣᠰᠯᠠᠹ ᠾᠧᠷᠮᠠᠱᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Mirosław Hermaszewski</ref>
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4" />᠂ <br>ᠽᠧᠨᠣᠨ᠎ ᠶᠠᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Zenon Jankowski</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 27
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-31<br>[[File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8">Валерий Быковский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠢᠭ᠌᠊ᠮᠦ᠋ᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠶᠠᠾᠨ<ref>Sigmund Jähn</ref>
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5" />᠂ <br>ᠧᠪᠧᠷᠾᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠻᠥᠯᠯᠨᠧᠷ<ref>Eberhard Köllner</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-33<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]]
|ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠸᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3">Николай Рукавишников</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠸᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Георгий Иванов</ref>
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6">Юрий Романенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9">Александр Александров</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 <small><small>(ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ)</small></small>
|1979  ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 10
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-36<br>[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|50px]]
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4">Валерий Кубасов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ ᠹᠠᠷᠻᠠᠱ<ref>Bertalan Farkas</ref>
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠯᠠ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷᠢ<ref>Béla Magyari</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-37<br>[[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5">Виктор Горбатко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠾᠠᠮ ᠲᠦ᠋ᠠᠨ᠎<ref>Pham Tuân</ref>
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠢᠶᠧᠮ<ref>Bui Thanh Liem</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-38<br>[[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|50px]]
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣ ᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠧᠽ<ref>Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</ref>
|ᠶᠧᠸᠭᠧᠨᠢ ᠾᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Евгений Хрунов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠣᠰᠧ ᠹᠠᠯᠻᠣᠨ<ref>José Armando López Falcón</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 09 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People's_Republic_(1945–1992).svg|50px]]
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1">Владимир Джанибеков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" >Владимир Ляхов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠩᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-40<br>[[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).svg|40px]]
|ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠫᠣᠫᠣᠹ<ref>Леонид Попов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠫᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠦ<ref>Dumitru Prunariu</ref>
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠳᠢᠶᠦ<ref>Dumitru Dediu</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠢᠸᠠᠨ᠍ᠴᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Иванченков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎<ref name=":15">Jean-Loup Chrétien</ref>
|ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠻᠢᠽᠢᠮ<ref>Леонид Кизим</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠶᠣᠹ<ref>Владимир Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠠᠲ᠋ᠷᠢᠻ ᠪᠠᠦ᠋ᠲᠷᠢ<ref>Patrick Baudry</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7
|1982 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 24
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|40px]]
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠮᠠᠯᠢᠱᠧᠹ<ref>Юрий Малышев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠩᠨᠠᠳᠢ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠧᠻᠠᠯᠣᠹ<ref>Геннадий Стрекалов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠻᠧᠱ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠ<ref>Rakesh Sharma</ref>
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠧᠷᠧᠽᠣᠸᠣᠢ<ref>Анатолий Березовой</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠭᠷᠧᠴᠻᠣ<ref>Георгий Гречко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠸᠢᠱ ᠮᠠᠯᠾᠣᠲ᠋ᠷᠠ<ref>Ravish Malhotra</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7
|1984 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-3<br>[[File:Flag_of_Syria.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12">Александр Викторенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Александров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠾᠠᠮᠮᠧᠳ᠋ ᠹᠠᠷᠢᠰ<ref>Muhammed Faris</ref>
|ᠮᠦᠨᠢᠷ ᠾᠠᠪᠢᠪ<ref>Munir Habib</ref>
|ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1987 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-5<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠣᠹ<ref>Анатолий Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠰᠠᠸᠢᠨᠢᠾ<ref>Виктор Савиных</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9" />
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠰᠧᠷᠧᠪᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Серебров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻᠷᠠᠰᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠲᠣᠶᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Красимир Стоянов</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 07
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1987–1992).svg|50px]]
||ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠫᠣᠯᠶᠠᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Валерий Поляков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠯ ᠮᠣᠾᠮᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋<ref>Abdul Mohmand</ref>
|ᠮᠣᠾᠠᠮᠮᠠᠳ᠋ ᠮᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠮ<ref>Mohammad Masum</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 29
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-7<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13">Александр Волков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2">Сергей Крикалёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎<ref name=":15"/>
|ᠮᠢᠱᠧᠯ ᠲᠣᠭ᠌ᠨᠢᠨᠢ<ref>Michel Tognini</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠠᠹᠠᠨᠠᠰᠢᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Виктор Афанасьев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠠᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Муса Манаров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠶᠣᠬᠢᠷᠣ᠋ ᠠᠻᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠ<ref>Toyohiro Akiyama</ref>
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" >Анатолий Арцебарский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2"/>᠂ <br>ᠷᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻᠣ ᠻᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠴᠢ<ref>Ryoko Kikuchi</ref>
|ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1990 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 12 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-12<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" />᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2" />᠂ <br>ᠾᠧᠯᠧᠨ᠎ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠎<ref>Helen Sharman</ref>
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠻᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ<ref>Александр Калери</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠲᠾᠢ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠰ<ref>Timothy Mace</ref>
|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-13<br>[[File:Flag_of_Austria.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠻᠢᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Токтар Аубакиров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠾᠪᠥᠻ<ref>Franz Viehböck</ref>
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12" />᠂ <br>ᠲᠠᠯᠭᠠᠲ ᠮᠦᠰᠠᠪᠠᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Талгат Мусабаев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻ᠊ᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠰ ᠯᠣᠲ᠋ᠾᠠᠯᠯᠧᠷ<ref>Clemens Lothaller</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|}
<br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ <b>ᠳᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ</b><sup>detector</sup> ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋” (“Излучение”) ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ <b>ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ</b><sup>polarimeter</sup> ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ” (“Поляризация”) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ВПА-1М, ВПА-2, УСП-2, ДП-1, ДП-2 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>[http://www.sansar81.mn/index.php?pid=9 ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref> <br>
<br>
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|[[File:Салют-6.png|thumb|center]]
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
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<br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ 36 ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<br>
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ 4 ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
1) ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ-ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup><br>
2) ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ<sup>technology</sup><br>
3) ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ-ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠥᠭᠢ<sup>biology</sup><br>
4) ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ<ref>[https://ikon.mn/n/25v1 ᠴ᠂ ᠠᠳᠢᠶᠠᠰᠦᠷᠦᠩ᠃ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠴᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃ 2021/03/21]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref><br>
ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠄<br>
ᠪᠢᠣᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠾᠮ<sup>Биоритм</sup><br>
ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ <br>
ᠨᠧᠫᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠎<sup>Нептун</sup><br>
ᠸᠣᠷᠣᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻ<sup>Воротник</sup><br>
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ <br>
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠦ <br>
ᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠰᠲ<sup>Контраст</sup><br>
ᠠᠲᠮᠣᠰᠫᠾᠡᠷᠠ<sup>Атмосфера</sup><br>
[[ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ]]<br>
ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ <br>
ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷᠠ-ᠮᠣᠨ<sup>Биосфера-Мон</sup><br>
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ <br>
<br>
==ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠥᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ==
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ - spacecraft - космический корабль <br>
ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ - satellite - искусственный спутник <br>
ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ - launch vehicle - ракета-носитель <br>
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ - orbit - орбита <br>
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ - space flight - космический полет <br>
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ - space station - орбитальная станция <br>
ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ionosphere - ионосфера <br>
ᠰᠥᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ - magnetosphere - магнитосфера <br>
ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ultraviolet ray - ультрафиолетовый луч <br>
ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ - short waves - короткие волны <br>
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - cosmic radiation - космические лучи <br> ‍
ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - X-ray - рентгеновское излучение  <br>
<br>
==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ==
==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ==
ᠲᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ
[[Ангилал:ᠣᠳᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠣᠳᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ]]

15:58, 31 Гуравдугаар сар 2021-ий байдлаарх одоогийн засвар


 ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ


ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰИнтеркосмос ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃[1]

ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨacademy ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠪᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃[2]

ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋socialist ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃[3]

ᠤᠭ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ "ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠩᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃

ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋᠂ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ᠂ ᠷᠦᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[3]
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ 1969 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14 ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[3]

ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ - ᠲᠡᠻᠨᠢᠻphysic-technic ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃[4]
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ - ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ 1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22 - 30 ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39Союз-39 ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39 ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲСалют ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼstation ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹВладимир Жанибеков᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ


ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1991 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽСоюз᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠫᠣᠯᠯᠣ᠋Apollo ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍1975 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1970-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠯᠢShuttle ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ NASA ᠪᠠ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠢ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃

ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 1980-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠠᠨ᠎Буран ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[5]

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1990-᠊ᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲᠯᠢ - ᠮᠢᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃


ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]


 ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ


ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ‍ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 1969/10/14
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-1Вертикаль-1 ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ion ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1970/11/28
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-2 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎Röntgen ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1971/08/20
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6 ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ 1972/04/07
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-9 ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠣᠫᠧᠷᠨᠢᠴᠤᠰ-500Copernicus ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠃ 200-1550 km ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ 1973/04/04
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-14 ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ 1975/06/03
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-3 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1975/09/02
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-15 ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠬᠤ 1976/06/19
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ 1976/07/27
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-5 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1977/08/30
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-17 ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ energy ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1977/09/24
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-6 ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ 1977/10/25
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎[6] ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃

1978/10/24
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-7 ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ 1978/11/03
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-19 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ 1979/02/27
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-8 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1979/09/26
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-20 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ 1979/11/01
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-21 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ 1981/02/06
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-22 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ 1981/08/07
ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-9 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1981/08/28
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-23 1985/04/26
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-24 ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎-2 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨplasma ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠢᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠢActivity ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ 1989/09/28
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-25 ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨelectron ᠪᠠ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ 1991/12/18
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-26 ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1994/03/02


ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠮᠠᠭ᠌ᠨᠢmagnesium ‍ᠢᠢᠨ He ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃[4]

ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]


 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ


ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠦᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-28
 ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠢ ᠭᠤᠪᠠᠷᠧᠹ[7]᠂
ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠷᠧᠮᠧᠻ[8] 		ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠣᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ[9]᠂
ᠣᠯᠲᠷᠢᠻ ᠫᠧᠯᠴᠠᠻ[10] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-30
 ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠻᠯᠢᠮᠦ᠋ᠻ[11]᠂
ᠮᠢᠷᠣᠰᠯᠠᠹ ᠾᠧᠷᠮᠠᠱᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ[12] 		ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ[13]᠂
ᠽᠧᠨᠣᠨ᠎ ᠶᠠᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ[14] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 27

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-31
 ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ[15]᠂
ᠰᠢᠭ᠌᠊ᠮᠦ᠋ᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠶᠠᠾᠨ[16] 		ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ[17]᠂
ᠧᠪᠧᠷᠾᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠻᠥᠯᠯᠨᠧᠷ[18] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-33
 ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠸᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ[9]᠂
ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠸᠠᠨᠣᠹ[19] 		ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ[20]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ[21] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 (ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ) 1979 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 10

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-36
 ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ[13]᠂
ᠪᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ ᠹᠠᠷᠻᠠᠱ[22] 		ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ[23]᠂
ᠪᠧᠯᠠ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷᠢ[24] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-37
 ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ[17]᠂
ᠫᠾᠠᠮ ᠲᠦ᠋ᠠᠨ᠎[25] 		ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ[15]᠂
ᠪᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠢᠶᠧᠮ[26] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-38
 ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ[20]᠂
ᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣ ᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠧᠽ[27] 		ᠶᠧᠸᠭᠧᠨᠢ ᠾᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠣᠹ[28]᠂
ᠵᠣᠰᠧ ᠹᠠᠯᠻᠣᠨ[29] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 09 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39
 ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ[23]᠂
ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ 		ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ[30]᠂
ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠩᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-40
 ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠫᠣᠫᠣᠹ[31]᠂
ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠫᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠦ[32] 		ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ[20]᠂
ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠳᠢᠶᠦ[33] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-6
 ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ[23]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠢᠸᠠᠨ᠍ᠴᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹ[34]᠂
ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎[35] 		ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠻᠢᠽᠢᠮ[36]᠂
ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠶᠣᠹ[37]᠂
ᠫᠠᠲ᠋ᠷᠢᠻ ᠪᠠᠦ᠋ᠲᠷᠢ[38] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7 1982 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 24

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-11
 ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠮᠠᠯᠢᠱᠧᠹ[39]᠂
ᠭᠧᠩᠨᠠᠳᠢ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠧᠻᠠᠯᠣᠹ[40]᠂
ᠷᠠᠻᠧᠱ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠ[41] 		ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠧᠷᠧᠽᠣᠸᠣᠢ[42]᠂
ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠭᠷᠧᠴᠻᠣ[43]᠂
ᠷᠠᠸᠢᠱ ᠮᠠᠯᠾᠣᠲ᠋ᠷᠠ[44] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7 1984 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-3
 ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ[45]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ[46]᠂
ᠮᠦᠾᠠᠮᠮᠧᠳ᠋ ᠹᠠᠷᠢᠰ[47] 		ᠮᠦᠨᠢᠷ ᠾᠠᠪᠢᠪ[48] ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1987 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22
ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-5
 ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠣᠹ[49]᠂
ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠰᠠᠸᠢᠨᠢᠾ[50]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ[21] 		ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ[30]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠰᠧᠷᠧᠪᠷᠣᠹ[51]᠂
ᠻᠷᠠᠰᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠲᠣᠶᠠᠨᠣᠹ[52] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 07

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-6
 ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ[30]᠂
ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠫᠣᠯᠶᠠᠻᠣᠹ[53]᠂
ᠠᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠯ ᠮᠣᠾᠮᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋[54] 		ᠮᠣᠾᠠᠮᠮᠠᠳ᠋ ᠮᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠮ[55] ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 29

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-7
 ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ[56]᠂
ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ[57]᠂
ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎[35] 		ᠮᠢᠱᠧᠯ ᠲᠣᠭ᠌ᠨᠢᠨᠢ[58] ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-11
 ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠠᠹᠠᠨᠠᠰᠢᠶᠧᠹ[59]᠂
ᠮᠦᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠠᠷᠣᠹ[60]᠂
ᠲᠣᠶᠣᠬᠢᠷᠣ᠋ ᠠᠻᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠ[61] 		ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ[62]᠂
ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ[57]᠂
ᠷᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻᠣ ᠻᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠴᠢ[63] 		ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1990 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 12 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-12
 ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ[62]᠂
ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ[57]᠂
ᠾᠧᠯᠧᠨ᠎ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠎[64] 		ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ[56]᠂
ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠻᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ[65]᠂
ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠲᠾᠢ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠰ[66] 		ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-13
 ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ[56]᠂
ᠲᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠻᠢᠷᠣᠹ[67]᠂
ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠾᠪᠥᠻ[68] 		ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ[45]᠂
ᠲᠠᠯᠭᠠᠲ ᠮᠦᠰᠠᠪᠠᠶᠧᠹ[69]᠂
ᠻ᠊ᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠰ ᠯᠣᠲ᠋ᠾᠠᠯᠯᠧᠷ[70] 		ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠮᠢᠷ
1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02


ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷdetector ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋” (“Излучение”) ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷpolarimeter ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ” (“Поляризация”) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ВПА-1М, ВПА-2, УСП-2, ДП-1, ДП-2 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃[71]

ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6


ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ 36 ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ 4 ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ 1) ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ-ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻphysic-technic
2) ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢtechnology
3) ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ-ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠥᠭᠢbiology
4) ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ[72]
ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠄
ᠪᠢᠣᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠾᠮБиоритм
ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
ᠨᠧᠫᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠎Нептун
ᠸᠣᠷᠣᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻВоротник
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠦ
ᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠰᠲКонтраст
ᠠᠲᠮᠣᠰᠫᠾᠡᠷᠠАтмосфера
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ
ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷᠠ-ᠮᠣᠨБиосфера-Мон
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ

ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠥᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ - spacecraft - космический корабль
ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ - satellite - искусственный спутник
ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ - launch vehicle - ракета-носитель
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ - orbit - орбита
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ - space flight - космический полет
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ - space station - орбитальная станция
ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ionosphere - ионосфера
ᠰᠥᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ - magnetosphere - магнитосфера
ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ultraviolet ray - ультрафиолетовый луч
ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ - short waves - короткие волны
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - cosmic radiation - космические лучи
‍ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - X-ray - рентгеновское излучение

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]

  1. ↑ А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989
  2. ↑ Создание Совета по международному сотрудничеству в области исследования и использования космического пространства в мирных целях при АН СССР (Совет «Интеркосмос»). ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Спутники "Интеркосмос". ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 [http://nsse2018.ac.mn/uploads/papers/1570593240BUTEEL_20_3.pdf Д.Батмөнх, С.Ваша, Ч.Лхагважав, С.Н.Опарин. Излучение He-подобного иона МэXI солнца в диапазоне 𝝀𝛌9, 15 ÷ 9, 32. ШУА. Физик-Техникийн Хүрээлэн. 1981 №20]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27
  5. ↑ Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27
  6. ↑ Magion
  7. ↑ Алексей Губарев
  8. ↑ Vladimír Remek
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Николай Рукавишников
  10. ↑ Oldřich Pelčák
  11. ↑ Виктор Климук
  12. ↑ Mirosław Hermaszewski
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Валерий Кубасов
  14. ↑ Zenon Jankowski
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Валерий Быковский
  16. ↑ Sigmund Jähn
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Виктор Горбатко
  18. ↑ Eberhard Köllner
  19. ↑ Георгий Иванов
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Юрий Романенко
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Александр Александров
  22. ↑ Bertalan Farkas
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Владимир Джанибеков
  24. ↑ Béla Magyari
  25. ↑ Pham Tuân
  26. ↑ Bui Thanh Liem
  27. ↑ Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
  28. ↑ Евгений Хрунов
  29. ↑ José Armando López Falcón
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Владимир Ляхов
  31. ↑ Леонид Попов
  32. ↑ Dumitru Prunariu
  33. ↑ Dumitru Dediu
  34. ↑ Александр Иванченков
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jean-Loup Chrétien
  36. ↑ Леонид Кизим
  37. ↑ Владимир Соловьёв
  38. ↑ Patrick Baudry
  39. ↑ Юрий Малышев
  40. ↑ Геннадий Стрекалов
  41. ↑ Rakesh Sharma
  42. ↑ Анатолий Березовой
  43. ↑ Георгий Гречко
  44. ↑ Ravish Malhotra
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Александр Викторенко
  46. ↑ Александр Александров
  47. ↑ Muhammed Faris
  48. ↑ Munir Habib
  49. ↑ Анатолий Соловьёв
  50. ↑ Виктор Савиных
  51. ↑ Александр Серебров
  52. ↑ Красимир Стоянов
  53. ↑ Валерий Поляков
  54. ↑ Abdul Mohmand
  55. ↑ Mohammad Masum
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Александр Волков
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Сергей Крикалёв
  58. ↑ Michel Tognini
  59. ↑ Виктор Афанасьев
  60. ↑ Муса Манаров
  61. ↑ Toyohiro Akiyama
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Анатолий Арцебарский
  63. ↑ Ryoko Kikuchi
  64. ↑ Helen Sharman
  65. ↑ Александр Калери
  66. ↑ Timothy Mace
  67. ↑ Токтар Аубакиров
  68. ↑ Franz Viehböck
  69. ↑ Талгат Мусабаев
  70. ↑ Clemens Lothaller
  71. ↑ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31
  72. ↑ ᠴ᠂ ᠠᠳᠢᠶᠠᠰᠦᠷᠦᠩ᠃ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠴᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃ 2021/03/21. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31
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