15:39, 2 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2020-ий байдлаарх засвар

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ^[1]
ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ^[2]

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠼ^dissociation OH^- ᠠᠨᠢᠣᠨ᠍^anion ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠻᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠣᠨ^cation ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠻᠠᠯᠼᠢ^Calcium ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ Ia ᠪᠠ IIa ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋^hydroxide ᠦ᠋ᠳ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ NaOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠷ), KOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠻᠠᠯᠢ), Ba(OH)₂ (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢ) ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠣᠨᠴᠣᠭᠤᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ LiOH᠂ NaOH᠂ КОН᠂ RbOH᠂ CsOH ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠰᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃

ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠻᠠᠷᠪᠣᠨᠠᠲ^carbonate ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ


${\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}};$	${\mathsf {NaOH+HNO_{3}\longrightarrow NaNO_{3}+H_{2}O}}.$

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ

{\mathsf {Ca(OH)_{2}+CO_{2}\longrightarrow CaCO_{3}\downarrow +H_{2}O}}

;

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

{\mathsf {2KOH+ZnO\xrightarrow {t^{o}C} K_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}O}}.

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ^amphoteric ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (Zn, Al ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄


${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH\longrightarrow Na_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}\uparrow }};$	${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2KAlO_{2}+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠻᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ:


${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow Na_{2}[Zn(OH)_{4}]+H_{2}\uparrow }};$	${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+6H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_{4}]+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ + ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ → ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ + ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ


${\mathsf {2NaOH+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow Cu(OH)_{2}\downarrow +Na_{2}SO_{4}}};$	${\mathsf {Ba(OH)_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\longrightarrow 2NaOH+BaSO_{4}\downarrow }}.$

ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ

ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ
ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ
ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ

ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ

шүлт
суурь

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ

[1] BBC. Acids and Bases. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25

[2] Prime chemicals group. Щелочи: понятие, свойства и применение. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/09/25

[1]

[2]

@@ 22-р мөр: / 22-р мөр: @@
 ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
 ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
-<br>
+<br><br><b>
 ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ
-<br>
+<br><br></b>
 <small>
-: <math>\mathsf{NaOH + HCl \longrightarrow NaCl + H_2O}</math>;
+: {| class="wikitable"
-<br>
+|+
-: <math>\mathsf{NaOH + HNO_3 \longrightarrow NaNO_3 + H_2O}</math>.
+!<math>\mathsf{NaOH + HCl \longrightarrow NaCl + H_2O};</math>
+!<math>\mathsf{NaOH + HNO_3 \longrightarrow NaNO_3 + H_2O}.</math>
+|}
 </small>
 <br>
@@ 35-р мөр: / 37-р мөр: @@
 ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ
+<small>
 : <math>\mathsf{Ca(OH)_2 + CO_2 \longrightarrow CaCO_3 \downarrow + H_2O}</math>;
+</small>
 <br>
 ==ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
-: <math>\mathsf{2KOH + ZnO \xrightarrow{t^oC} K_2ZnO_2 + H_2O}</math>.
+<small>
+: <math>\mathsf{2KOH + ZnO \xrightarrow{t^oC} K_2ZnO_2 + H_2O}.</math>
+</small>
 <br>
 ==ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
@@ 45-р мөр: / 50-р мөр: @@
 ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄
 <br>
-: <math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH \longrightarrow Na_2ZnO_2 + H_2 \uparrow}</math>;
+<small>
-<br>
+: {| class="wikitable"
-: <math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow 2KAlO_2 + 3H_2 \uparrow}</math>.
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH \longrightarrow Na_2ZnO_2 + H_2 \uparrow};</math>
+!<math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow 2KAlO_2 + 3H_2 \uparrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
 <br>
 ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠻᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ:
+<small>
+: {| class="wikitable"
+|+
+!<math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow Na_2[Zn(OH)_4] + H_2 \uparrow};</math>
+!<math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 6H_2O \longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_4] + 3H_2 \uparrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
 <br>
-: <math>\mathsf{Zn + 2NaOH + 2H_2O \longrightarrow Na_2[Zn(OH)_4] + H_2 \uparrow}</math>;
-<br>
-: <math>\mathsf{2Al + 2KOH + 6H_2O \longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_4] + 3H_2 \uparrow}</math>;
 ==ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ==
@@ 59-р мөр: / 72-р мөр: @@
 ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ + ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ → ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ + ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ
-<br>
+<small>
-: <math>\mathsf{2NaOH + CuSO_4 \longrightarrow Cu(OH)_2 \downarrow + Na_2SO_4}</math>;
+: {| class="wikitable"
-<br>
+|+
-: <math>\mathsf{Ba(OH)_2 + Na_2SO_4 \longrightarrow 2NaOH + BaSO_4 \downarrow}</math>;
+!<math>\mathsf{2NaOH + CuSO_4 \longrightarrow Cu(OH)_2 \downarrow + Na_2SO_4};</math>
+!<math>\mathsf{Ba(OH)_2 + Na_2SO_4 \longrightarrow 2NaOH + BaSO_4 \downarrow}.</math>
+|}
+</small>
 <br>
 =ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ=