ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠠᠭᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠ ᠭᠥᠢᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠥ ᠲᠣᠰᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠣᠣ

ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠥ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ‌᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ Saṅdhinirmocana ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠬᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠨᠳᠡᠭ (pratipakṣa) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠪᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠢᠻᠠᠶᠠ (Nikāya) ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠬᠲᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ (Abhidharma)᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (neyārtha)᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠢᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠨᠢᠾᠢᠯᠢᠰᠮ (nihilism) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ (nītārtha) ᠪᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ (nitārtha) ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠰ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠩᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠮᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠰᠢᠮᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠨᠡᠯᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦᠬᠤᠢ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ (abhidharma)᠂ ᠤᠴᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠠᠪ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠡᠴᠡ (cosmology)᠂ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋.

ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ (Asanga) ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra (ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠲᠢᠷ) ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ (ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠢᠨᠦ ᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠ [Āgama] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠫᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠻᠠᠶᠠ [Nikāya] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠳ ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ) ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠮᠨᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ Abhidharmakośa (ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ) ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠮᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠮᠪᠠᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠠᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠭᠦᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠢᠷᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯ ‍ᠳᠤᠷ ᠳᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠢᠰᠲ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ Mahīśasika ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠ (Āgama) ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠰᠬᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ (Tuṣita᠂ དགའ་ལྡན) ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠯᠷᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠠᠭᠤᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ (ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠣᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ) ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠤᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠵᠠᠪᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠᠯ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠰᠬᠤᠯᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ (Vaibhāṣika) ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠡᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠲᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ (Abhidharmakośa) ᠊ᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠣᠣᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠤᠭᠠᠵᠤᠬᠤᠶ᠃ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠣᠷᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠮᠨᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ Karmasiddhi-prakaraṇa (ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠬᠦᠢ)᠂ Pañcaskandhaka-prakaraṇa (ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠰ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠬᠦᠢ) ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ Abhidharmakośa ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠻᠣᠯᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠮᠡᠲᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠲᠦᠷ ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠥᠨᠥ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ Abhidharmakośa ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠲᠢᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠠᠯ ᠥᠷᠨᠢᠯ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠢᠯᠡ ᠲᠤᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ᠂ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠣᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠲᠥᠰᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠴᠦ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ᠂ 《ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋》 ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠮᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ (ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ)᠂ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠦ᠋ᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠮᠬᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ (Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, Mahāyānasaṃgraha, Abhidharmasamuccaya) ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠱᠠᠳ᠂ ᠪᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠤᠳ (Triṃśikā, Trisvabhāva-nirdeśa ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ)᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠳᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠱᠠᠰᠳᠢᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ (Viṃśatika, Madhyānta-vibhāga ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ)᠂ ᠯᠢᠩᠬᠤ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠦᠯᠣᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠱᠠᠰᠳᠢᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠃ Saṅdhinirmocana ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠷᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠮᠦᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠳᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ Saṅdhinirmocana ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠡᠴᠡᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊᠋ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠴᠢ (logician)᠂ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠴᠢ (epistemologist) ᠊ᠳᠢᠭᠨᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ (Dignāga)᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠾᠢᠷᠠᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠢ (Sthiramati) ᠨᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ (ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋)᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠨᠤ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠰᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠲᠣᠷ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ 1᠂ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠊ᠳᠢᠭᠨᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠊ᠲᠾᠠᠷᠮᠠᠻᠢᠷᠲ᠋ᠢ (Dharmakīrti)᠂ ᠱᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠻᠱᠢᠲ᠋ᠠ (Śāntarakṣita)᠂ ᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠨᠠᠻᠢᠷᠲ᠋ᠢ (Ratnakīrti) ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠂ 2᠂ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠾᠢᠲᠠᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠢ (Sthiramati)᠂ ᠊ᠲᠾᠠᠷᠮᠠᠫᠠᠯᠠ (Dharmapāla)᠂ ᠰᠦ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠽᠠᠩ (Xuanzang)᠂ ᠸᠢᠨᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠳᠧᠸᠠ (Vinītadeva) ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠰᠠᠩᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠳᠠ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠳᠤᠢ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠦ᠋ᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠵᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠃ ᠊ᠳᠢᠭᠨᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ Abhidharmakośa ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ (འགྲེལ་པ) ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ᠂ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠮᠤᠢ᠃ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠶᠣᠵᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋. ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ᠂ ᠵᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠦ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ātman (ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠢ)᠂ prakṛti (ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠪᠣᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ) ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠰᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ālaya-vijñāna ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠋ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠨᠠᠡᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠤᠮᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ᠃ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ - ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠣᠰᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠲᠤᠷ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠷᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ - ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ ālaya-vijñāna ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ citta-santāna (སེམས་རྒྱུད) ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠥᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠢᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ᠃

ᠲᠡᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠮ

ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ‍ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ

ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ (Yogācāra) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠥᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ (ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ)᠂ ᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ (vijñapti-mātra) ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ (metaphysical idealism) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠭᠢᠯ ᠯᠡ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠠᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠤᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠭᠳᠡᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠪᠯᠠᠩ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ (ontological) ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠧᠲᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ 1. ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ 2. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃

2a. "ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠲᠥᠬᠠᠢᠢ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ

ᠻᠠᠷᠲ᠋ᠧᠽ (Cartesian) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠻᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ (Kant) ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠪᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ 《ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ》 ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠱᠣᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠧᠢᠢᠪᠨᠢᠼ (Leibniz) ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠊ᠳᠧᠻᠠᠷᠲ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠶᠢᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠡᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ᠄ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯ (ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ) ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ (ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ) - ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠥᠷᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠠᠭᠦᠰᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠢᠦ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠰ (ᠻᠡᠮᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ (ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠪᠧᠷᠻᠡᠯᠢ (Berkeley) ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ esse est percipi ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠻ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠦᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠰ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠮᠡᠯᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ "idea-ism" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠫᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ (Plato) ᠊ᠤ eidos ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠤ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ (ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ) ᠲᠤᠷ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ᠂ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ (physical)᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠥᠷᠲᠠᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠰ ᠊ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

2b. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠥ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬ᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋

ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠬᠥ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ Pramāṇavāda (Epistemology) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠫᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠥᠯᠥᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠣᠬᠥᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ Pramāṇavāda ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠥᠨ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠥᠳ ᠥᠬᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠷᠰᠥᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃᠎ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠥ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ‍‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ prameya (ontology) ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ‍ᠣᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠩᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ (pramāṇa)‍ ᠬᠥᠴᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠳᠡᠬᠥᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ‍ᠣᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠬᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠭᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠥ᠋ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠥ ᠥᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠥ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡ‍ᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠥᠷᠡᠰᠥ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠬᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠣᠯᠢ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠮᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠥᠷ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠡᠩᠳᠡᠭᠥᠷᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠶ᠃ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠴᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ (vyāpti) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠠᠮᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠵᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠣᠮᠠᠰ ‍ᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠮᠡᠲᠣᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠢᠯᠰ ‍ᠢ᠂ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣᠢᠢᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠥᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠡᠨᠣ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠥᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠷᠡᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ‍ᠥᠳ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠣ (logic) ᠡᠭᠥᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ‍ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃

ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠢᠠᠯᠠᠭᠢ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ (epistemological idealism) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠦᠨᠡᠨᠬᠦ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ (object) ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠴᠤ ᠪᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠮᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠢᠠᠯᠠᠭᠢ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ (substantially) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃