ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠼ^dissociation OH^- ᠠᠨᠢᠣᠨ᠍^anion ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠻᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠣᠨ^cation ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠻᠠᠯᠼᠢ^Calcium ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ Ia ᠪᠠ IIa ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋^hydroxide ᠦ᠋ᠳ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ NaOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠷ), KOH (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠻᠠᠯᠢ), Ba(OH)₂ (ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢ) ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠣᠨᠴᠣᠭᠤᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ LiOH᠂ NaOH᠂ КОН᠂ RbOH᠂ CsOH ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠰᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃

ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠻᠠᠷᠪᠣᠨᠠᠲ^carbonate ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ

${\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}};$	${\mathsf {NaOH+HNO_{3}\longrightarrow NaNO_{3}+H_{2}O}}.$

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ + ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ → ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ + ᠤᠰᠤ

${\mathsf {Ca(OH)_{2}+CO_{2}\longrightarrow CaCO_{3}\downarrow +H_{2}O}}$;

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

${\mathsf {2KOH+ZnO\xrightarrow {t^{o}C} K_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}O}}.$

ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ^amphoteric ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠰᠢᠳ᠋ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (Zn, Al ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄

${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH\longrightarrow Na_{2}ZnO_{2}+H_{2}\uparrow }};$		${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2KAlO_{2}+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠳ᠌ᠷᠣᠻᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠻᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ:

${\mathsf {Zn+2NaOH+2H_{2}O\longrightarrow Na_{2}[Zn(OH)_{4}]+H_{2}\uparrow }};$		${\mathsf {2Al+2KOH+6H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2K[Al(OH)_{4}]+3H_{2}\uparrow }}.$

ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ + ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ → ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ + ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ

${\mathsf {2NaOH+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow Cu(OH)_{2}\downarrow +Na_{2}SO_{4}}};$		${\mathsf {Ba(OH)_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\longrightarrow 2NaOH+BaSO_{4}\downarrow }}.$

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