ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ

ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ^{Лобачевский} ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋  ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ^geometry᠂ ᠮᠤᠷᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ  ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃^[1]
ᠡᠭᠦᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋^Euclid  ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃

ᠠᠻᠰᠢᠣᠮ

D ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ^parallel ᠠᠭᠠᠳ M ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ d1᠂ d2᠂ d3 ᠲᠡᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋

ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃^[2]

ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠣᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠫᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠲ^postulate᠃

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ 5 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠫᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠲ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃

ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ 5 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠫᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠲ ᢩᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠠᠻᠰᠢᠣᠮ ᠨᠢ᠄

ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋

ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠡᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠻᠰᠥᠣᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃^[3]

ᠮᠥᠷᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ

ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ

ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠡᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠾᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠾᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃

ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠾᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ $\alpha$ ᠂ $\beta$ ᠂ $\gamma$ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠠᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠹᠧᠻᠲ ᠭᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃^[4]

ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄

$S=(\pi -\alpha -\beta -\gamma )({\frac {1}{\sqrt {-K}}})^{2}{}{}\!$

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ K ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠷᠤᠢᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠷᠦᠢᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠣ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠃

ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ

ᠾᠢᠫᠧᠷᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - hyperbolic geometry - гиперболическая геометрия, геометрия Лобачевского
ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋  ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - Euclidean geometry - евклидова геометрия
ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋  ᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - non-Euclidean geometry - неевклидова геометрия
ᠴᠡᠭ - point - точка
ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ - line - прямая

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ

↑ http://tesseract-club.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html Орон зайн муруйлт ба цаг хугацааны гажилт᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/18
↑ https://unistomlg.ru/mn/na-dne/gde-peresekayutsya-dve-parallelnye-pryamye-skolko Хоёр зэрэгцээ шугам огтлолцох үед᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/18
↑ https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/hyperbolic-geometry-triangles-angles-and-area Andrew G. Bennett. Hyperbolic Geometry - Triangles, Angles, and Area. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/20

[1] ttp://tesseract-club.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html Орон зайн муруйлт ба цаг хугацааны гажилт᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/18

[2] ttps://unistomlg.ru/mn/na-dne/gde-peresekayutsya-dve-parallelnye-pryamye-skolko Хоёр зэрэгцээ шугам огтлолцох үед᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/18

[3] А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989

[4] ttps://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/hyperbolic-geometry-triangles-angles-and-area Andrew G. Bennett. Hyperbolic Geometry - Triangles, Angles, and Area. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/20

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[2]

[3]

[4]

ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ

ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ

Гарчиг

ᠠᠻᠰᠢᠣᠮ

ᠮᠥᠷᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ

ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ