ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ
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ᠣᠨᠣᠯ
ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ (ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ evolutio — «ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ») ᠪᠣᠯ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ᠂ᠧᠻᠣᠰᠢᠰᠲᠧᠮ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷbiosphere ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠄ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ᠃
ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ
ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠃
ᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠰᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠫᠷᠥᠭᠷᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃[1]
ᠤᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ
ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠳ᠋᠋᠋᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃[2]
ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ
ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠣᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ
ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ᠌᠍᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠴᠠ᠊᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ (1859) ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠵᠣ᠂ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠥ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠬᠣ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠣᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠ ᠣᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠃[3]
ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ
ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃[4]
ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ
ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠥᠨᠡᠰᠥ᠂ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠥᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠥ ᠡᠭᠥᠷᠯᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠣᠲᠣᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠥᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[5]
ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠰᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[6]
ᠭᠧᠨ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ
ᠭᠧᠨ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ (gene flow) ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠡᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ[7]᠃
ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠤᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ
ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠢᠢᠬᠦ (mutation bias) ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃[8]
ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ
ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ
ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ (adaptedness) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ᠂ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠮᠢᠬᠥ ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[9] ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠥᠳ (adaptive traits) ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠳᠥ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ (coevolution) ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ [10]ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠥ ᠳᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠳᠠᠮ - ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠ ᠬᠣ ᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠳᠣ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ
ᠪᠥᠯᠥᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠶᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠥᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠡᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠥᠯᠬᠥ ᠳᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠯᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[11]
ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ
ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ
ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ
- ↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/080/266.htm
- ↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/051/451.htm
- ↑ https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/129/084.htm
- ↑ https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/intraspecific-competition
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/interspecific-competition
- ↑ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/
- ↑ Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081
- ↑ R. Hershberg and D. A. Petrov (2010). "Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria". PLoS Genet. 6 (9): e1001115. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115. PMC 2936535. PMID 20838599
- ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0. LCCN 72127363. OCLC 97663
- ↑ Wade, Michael J. (March 2007). "The co-evolutionary genetics of ecological communities". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1038/nrg2031. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17279094. S2CID 36705246.
- ↑ Gardner, Andy; Griffin, Ashleigh; West, Stuart (December 2009). Theory of Cooperation. eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. ISBN 978-0470016176.