ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠦ᠋᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷlitosphere ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠡᠴᠡ᠂ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠲᠯᠡᠯᠳᠡspreading (ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ) ᠪᠦᠰᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ (ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ) ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠦᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠻᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠡᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ
ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠥ ᠴᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠷᠻᠧᠢArchean ᠪᠤᠶᠦ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠡᠢ᠃
ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠣᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠫᠷᠥᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠣᠽᠥᠢProterozoic ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠳ 400-600 ᠰᠠᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠲᠤᠲᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠵᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠥᠨᠥ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ 200-150 ᠰᠠᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠫᠠᠨᠭᠧᠶ ᠠ᠋Pangea ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠯᠠᠨᠲ᠋Atlantic ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠮᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨIndostan ᠧᠦᠷᠣ-ᠠᠰᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠲᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠰᠢᠪᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠣᠢᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠦᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠻᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠦᠰᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠭ ᠳᠣᠣᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠠᠮᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷastenosphere ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠣᠳᠣ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ 8 ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠦᠰᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠰᠧᠢᠰᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠭᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠶᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠧᠶᠢᠯᠧᠷEuler ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠲᠯᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
• ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠᠬᠤdivergence ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ᠡ᠋᠂
• ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤconvergence ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ᠡ᠋᠂
• ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠsubduction ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠯᠢᠲᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠲᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
- ᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ (ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ) ᠪᠠ
- ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ (200 ᠰᠠᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ (ᠵᠡᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠭᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 90% ᠨᠢ 8 ᠲᠣᠨᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ᠄
1. ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
2. ᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠠᠷᠻᠲᠢᠳᠠ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
3. ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
4. ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠥ-ᠠᠰᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
5. ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
6. ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
7. ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
8. ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠰᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠻᠣᠻᠣᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠵᠦᠠᠨ᠍ ᠳ᠋ᠧ ᠹᠦᠻᠠJuan de Fuca ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠹᠠᠷᠠᠯᠥᠨ᠍ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃
ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ)
ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠰᠦ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠠᠰᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠥᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠶᠡᠨ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ [1]
ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ
ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠃
ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠧᠻᠲᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃
ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ 500-700 ᠰᠠᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ 1200 ᠰᠠᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠬᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠃[2][3]
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠩ ᠴᠠᠪᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ
ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠰᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ 1990 - ᠊ᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ[4]
ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠦᠷ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠠᠳᠦ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠵᠤᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ[5]᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋[6]᠃
ᠮᠠᠷᠢᠨᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ[7]᠃
《ᠮᠠᠷᠰ ᠭᠯᠥᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠦᠷᠸᠧᠶᠣᠷ》Mars Global Surveyor ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ 1999 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠤᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋[8]᠃
ᠭᠡᠪᠴᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ[9]᠃
ᠮᠥᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ
- ↑ Valencia, Diana; O'Connell, Richard J.; Sasselov, Dimitar D (November 2007). "Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 670 (1): L45-L48.arXiv:0710.0699. Bibcode:2007ApJ...670L..45V.doi:10.1086/524012.
- ↑ Kasting, James F. (1988). "Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus". Icarus. 74(3): 472–94. Bibcode:1988Icar...74..472K. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9. PMID 11538226.
- ↑ Bortman, Henry (2004-08-26). "Was Venus alive? "The Signs are Probably There"". Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved 2020-08-09
- ↑ Sleep, Norman H. (1994). "Martian plate tectonics" (PDF).Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (E3): 5639.Bibcode:1994JGR....99.5639S
- ↑ Zhong, Shijie; Zuber, Maria T. (2001). "Degree-1 mantle convection and the crustal dichotomy on Mars" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 18ᠮᠠ9 (1–2): 75–84
- ↑ Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C.; Zuber, Maria T.; Banerdt, W. Bruce (2008). "The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy". Nature. 453 (7199): 1212–15
- ↑ Wolpert, Stuart (August 9, 2012). "UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars". Yin, An. UCLA. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012
- ↑ Загвар:Harvnb, Загвар:Harvnb
- ↑ Harrison, C.G.A. (2000). "Questions About Magnetic Lineations in the Ancient Crust of Mars". Science.