Термодинамикийн хуулиуд
ᠲᠡᠭ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ Засварлах
ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ
ᠣᠪᠭᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ
ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠪᠠᠯ
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ
ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ
ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠮᠤᠢ
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 0 ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ [1] ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠩ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ [2] ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠢᠪᠴᠤᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦ᠋ᠯ [3] ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠻᠢᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ [4] ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 0 ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠣᠪᠭᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠮᠤᠢ
ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠭᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠌᠃[5]
ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ Засварлах
ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ
ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ
ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ
ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ
ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ
ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ
ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠤᠢ
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 1 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠻᠢᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠪᠠ ᠫᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠨ᠍ᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠭᠦᠢᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠧᠨᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠫᠶ [6] ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 1 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ
ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋
ΔU = Q – W
ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠂ U ᠨᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ᠂ Q ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ W ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠣᠦ᠋ᠯ (Joule) ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃[7]
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 1 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠨᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠮᠦᠢ᠃
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ Засварлах
ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ
ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ (B)
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ
ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ
ᠬᠥᠷᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ (C)
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ
ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠥᠫᠶ [8] ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠦᠯᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠰᠦᠮᠦᠢ
ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃[9]
ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠶ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠶ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠲᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠳ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠫᠷᠣᠼᠧᠰᠰ ᠴᠡᠭᠴᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋᠋ᠦ᠂ ᠴᠡᠭᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃[10]
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ
ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ
ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ
ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ
ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ Засварлах
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 3 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠯᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ (0) ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ 3 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ
ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠰᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ (0 K) ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠠᠭᠦ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠥᠫᠶ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋
ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃[11]
ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠨᠢ
0 K
ᠪᠤᠶᠤ
-273.15oC
ᠮᠥᠨ
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠣᠪᠶᠤᠭ Засварлах
- ↑ thermodynamic equilibrium
- ↑ temperature
- ↑ molecule
- ↑ kinetic energy
- ↑ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08
- ↑ enthalpy
- ↑ https://sciencing.com/second-law-of-thermodynamics-definition-equation-examples-13722778.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 09
- ↑ entropy
- ↑ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08
- ↑ https://sciencing.com/second-law-of-thermodynamics-definition-equation-examples-13722778.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08
- ↑ https://www.livescience.com/ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08