"Sunyata"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
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=ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ= | =ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ= | ||
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==ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ== | ==ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ== | ||
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|text=ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ<br>ᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ᠃<br>ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠰᠢᠲᠡᠢ᠁ | |text=ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ<br>ᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ᠃<br>ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠰᠢᠲᠡᠢ᠁ | ||
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'''ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠍ ᠠ᠋'''᠄ <br> | '''ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠍ ᠠ᠋'''᠄ <br> | ||
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ "'''ᠨᠣᠮ'''" ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ '''ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ''' ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃<br><br> | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ "'''ᠨᠣᠮ'''" ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ '''ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ''' ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃<br><br> | ||
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ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠨᠣᠮ (ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ) ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br> | ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠨᠣᠮ (ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ) ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br> | ||
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br> | ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br> | ||
ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠩᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃ | ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠩᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃<br><br> | ||
=ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠲᠤ= | ==ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠲᠤ== | ||
ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠴᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ | ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠴᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ | ||
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠨᠣᠮᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ<ref>Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009</ref> | ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠨᠣᠮᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ<ref>Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009</ref> | ||
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ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠦᠷᠬᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠣᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃<br> | ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠦᠷᠬᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠣᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃<br><br> | ||
=ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ= | ==ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ== | ||
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠌᠄ मध्यमक ᠮᠠᠲᠾᠶᠠᠮᠠᠻᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དབུ་མ, ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠪᠦ᠋ ᠮᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠸᠦᠮ ᠠ᠋) ᠪᠣᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <br> | ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠌᠄ मध्यमक ᠮᠠᠲᠾᠶᠠᠮᠠᠻᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དབུ་མ, ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠪᠦ᠋ ᠮᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠸᠦᠮ ᠠ᠋) ᠪᠣᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <br> | ||
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦ᠋ᠨᠠ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ नागार्जुन᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ མགོན་པ་ཀླུ་སྒྲུབ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠮᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠣ ᠻᠯᠦ᠋ ᠰᠭᠷᠦ᠋ᠪ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠮᠪᠣᠯᠦ᠋ᠳᠦᠪ ) ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃<ref>Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000</ref> <br> | ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦ᠋ᠨᠠ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ नागार्जुन᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ མགོན་པ་ཀླུ་སྒྲུབ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠮᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠣ ᠻᠯᠦ᠋ ᠰᠭᠷᠦ᠋ᠪ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠮᠪᠣᠯᠦ᠋ᠳᠦᠪ ) ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃<ref>Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000</ref> <br> | ||
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ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠵᠢ ᠮᠥᠷ᠃<br> | ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠵᠢ ᠮᠥᠷ᠃<br> | ||
ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Bronkhorst, Johannes (2009), Buddhist Teaching in India, Wisdom Publications</ref><br> | ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Bronkhorst, Johannes (2009), Buddhist Teaching in India, Wisdom Publications</ref><br> | ||
ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃<ref>Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002</ref><br> | ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃<ref>Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002</ref><br><br> | ||
==ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ== | ==ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ== | ||
ᠶᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ <b>ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠤᠯ</b> ᠳᠤ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ समधिनिर्मोचना᠂ ᠰᠠᠩᠲᠾᠢᠨᠢᠷᠮᠣᠨᠣᠴᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དགོངས་པ་ངེས་འགྲེལ༏᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠭᠣᠩᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠩᠧᠰ ᠠᠭᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠩᠪᠠ ᠧᠳᠢᠯ) ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠨᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref> King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994 </ref> <br> | ᠶᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ <b>ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠤᠯ</b> ᠳᠤ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ समधिनिर्मोचना᠂ ᠰᠠᠩᠲᠾᠢᠨᠢᠷᠮᠣᠨᠣᠴᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དགོངས་པ་ངེས་འགྲེལ༏᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠭᠣᠩᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠩᠧᠰ ᠠᠭᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠩᠪᠠ ᠧᠳᠢᠯ) ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠨᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref> King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994 </ref> <br> | ||
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ᠡᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠷᠤᠨᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994</ref> | ᠡᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠷᠤᠨᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994</ref> | ||
ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ <b>ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ</b> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠍ ᠦ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ <b>ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ</b> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠍ ᠦ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ||
ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ<sup>རྣམ་པར་རིག་བྱེད (विज्ञप्तिः)</sup> ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃<ref>Kalupahana, David J. The Principles of Buddhist Psychology. Satguru Publications, Delhi 1992</ref> | ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ<sup>རྣམ་པར་རིག་བྱེད (विज्ञप्तिः)</sup> ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃<ref>Kalupahana, David J. The Principles of Buddhist Psychology. Satguru Publications, Delhi 1992</ref> <br><br> | ||
== ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ== | == ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ== | ||
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* ᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦᠳᠪᠠ (བཀའ་བརྒྱུད) ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭ᠃<br> | * ᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦᠳᠪᠠ (བཀའ་བརྒྱུད) ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭ᠃<br> | ||
* ᠰᠠᠵᠢ (ས་སྐྱ) ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠦ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Коробов В. Б., Железнова Н. А. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Степанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011</ref><br> | * ᠰᠠᠵᠢ (ས་སྐྱ) ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠦ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Коробов В. Б., Железнова Н. А. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Степанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011</ref><br> | ||
* ᠵᠣᠭᠴᠧᠨ (རྫོགས་ཆེན) ᠦ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠢᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠤ “ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ” (ཀུན་གཞི) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠳᠠᠭ<ref>Иванов В. П. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Стнпанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011</ref><br> | * ᠵᠣᠭᠴᠧᠨ (རྫོགས་ཆེན) ᠦ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠢᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠤ “ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ” (ཀུན་གཞི) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠳᠠᠭ<ref>Иванов В. П. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Стнпанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011</ref><br><br> | ||
==ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠠᠪᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ== | ==ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠠᠪᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ== | ||
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ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠣᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠃<br><ref>Tsong Khapa. The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications 2002. ISBN 1-55939-166-9</ref><br> | ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠣᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠃<br><ref>Tsong Khapa. The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications 2002. ISBN 1-55939-166-9</ref><br> | ||
ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠣᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠃<ref>Patrick Jennings, Tsongkhapa: In Praise of Relativity; The Essence of Eloquence Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine</ref> | ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠣᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠃<ref>Patrick Jennings, Tsongkhapa: In Praise of Relativity; The Essence of Eloquence Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine</ref> | ||
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ (ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ)᠃ | ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ (ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ)᠃<br><br> | ||
=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ= | ==ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ== | ||
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хоосон чанар<br> | хоосон чанар<br> | ||
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буддийские философские школы<br> | буддийские философские школы<br> | ||
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=ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ= | <br><br> | ||
==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ== | |||
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[[Category:ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ]] | [[Category:ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ]] | ||