"ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд

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63-р мөр: 63-р мөр:
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|Filename=Euclidian_and_non_euclidian_geometry.png
|Filename=Euclidian_and_non_euclidian_geometry.png
|Text=<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>1</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ (ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ) <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>2</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᢩᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  (ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ) <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>3</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ (ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ)  
|Text=<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>1</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ (ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ) <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>2</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᢩᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  (ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ) <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><b>3</b>.</span> ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ (ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ)  
|Height=50
|Height=50
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69-р мөр: 69-р мөр:
ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋᠂ ᠭᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠰ<sup>Gauss</sup>᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠶᠠᠢ<sup>Boliay</sup>᠂ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ  ᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ <br>
ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋᠂ ᠭᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠰ<sup>Gauss</sup>᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠶᠠᠢ<sup>Boliay</sup>᠂ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ  ᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ <br>
ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ  ᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠥᠭᠴᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ  ᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠥᠭᠴᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ<sup>physic</sup> ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>В.А.Фок. Теория пространства, времени и тяготения. ГИТТЛ. Москва 1955. с. 253  </ref>  
ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ<sup>physic</sup> ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>В.А.Фок. Теория пространства, времени и тяготения. ГИТТЛ. Москва 1955. с. 253  </ref>  


ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ  ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ  ᠳᠤ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ  ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠡᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠧᠡᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠭᠤ᠂ 1854 ᠣᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ  ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ  ᠳᠤ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ  ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠭᠤ᠂ 1854 ᠣᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃


ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋  ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ  ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ  ᠶᠢ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠠᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ  ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ  ᠤᠳ  ᠢ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋  ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ  ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ  ᠶᠢ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠠᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ  ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ  ᠤᠳ  ᠢ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
85-р мөр: 85-р мөр:
ᠧᠯᠯᠢᠫᠰ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - elliptic geometry - эллиптическая геометрия
ᠧᠯᠯᠢᠫᠰ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - elliptic geometry - эллиптическая геометрия


ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - spherical geometry - сферическая геометрия
ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ - spherical geometry - сферическая геометрия


ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠮᠤᠷᠤᠢᠢᠯᠲᠠ - positive curvature - положительная кривизна
ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠮᠤᠷᠤᠢᠢᠯᠲᠠ - positive curvature - положительная кривизна
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