"ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ (засварлах)
11:31, 8 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2023-ий байдлаарх засвар
, 8 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2023Edit
(Layout) |
(Edit) |
||
| 25-р мөр: | 25-р мөр: | ||
ᠾᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ “Donghu” ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠤᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Hao᠂ Weimin and Qimudedaoerji᠃ (2007). Outline of Comprehensive History of Inner Mongolia. Beijing᠂ People's Press</ref> | ᠾᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ “Donghu” ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠤᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Hao᠂ Weimin and Qimudedaoerji᠃ (2007). Outline of Comprehensive History of Inner Mongolia. Beijing᠂ People's Press</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠣ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ᠯᠤᠤᠬᠠ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ)᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠣᠳᠣᠩ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠣ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ᠯᠤᠤᠬᠠ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ)᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠣᠳᠣᠩ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ<sup>Xiajiadian upper culture</sup>” (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1000 – 600 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ” ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤᠬᠤᠢ ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1300–300 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩᠨᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃<ref>Зорикто Мункин. Первые кочевники Забайкалья. Долина Кижинги 2013/09/20. https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201425/http://kizhinga.ru/index.php/mn/about-kizhinga/106-kray/3211-2013-09-20-01-55-15</ref> | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ<sup>Xiajiadian upper culture</sup>” (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1000 – 600 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ” ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤᠬᠤᠢ ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1300–300 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩᠨᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃<ref>Зорикто Мункин. Первые кочевники Забайкалья. Долина Кижинги 2013/09/20. https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201425/http://kizhinga.ru/index.php/mn/about-kizhinga/106-kray/3211-2013-09-20-01-55-15</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ '''ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ'''᠂ '''ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ''' ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ '''ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ''' ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ<ref>Shimunek᠂ Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family᠂ with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. https://www.worldcat.org/title/993110372</ref> ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ '''ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ'''᠂ '''ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ''' ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ '''ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ''' ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ<ref>Shimunek᠂ Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family᠂ with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. https://www.worldcat.org/title/993110372</ref> ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ||
| 47-р мөр: | 47-р мөр: | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 7 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 7 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>Дашибалов Эрдэм Баирович. Древний этап истории монголоязычных народов. Вестник Бурятского Государственного Университета 2014/08. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/drevniy-etap-istorii-mongoloyazychnyh-narodov/viewer</ref> | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>Дашибалов Эрдэм Баирович. Древний этап истории монголоязычных народов. Вестник Бурятского Государственного Университета 2014/08. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/drevniy-etap-istorii-mongoloyazychnyh-narodov/viewer</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠾᠢᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ.<ref>Ma᠂ Changshou (1962). Wuhuan and Xianbei. Shanghai᠂ Shanghai renmin chubanshe.</ref> ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ Zhao᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠴᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠾᠢᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ.<ref>Ma᠂ Changshou (1962). Wuhuan and Xianbei. Shanghai᠂ Shanghai renmin chubanshe.</ref> ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ Zhao᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠴᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 403–222 ᠣᠨ) Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 325–299 ᠣᠨ) ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠪᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠂ ᠣᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠦ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ Wei᠂ Qi ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠯᠠᠭᠠᠮ᠂ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠷᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠬᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠨᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠯᠤᠭᠠ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠥᠮᠥᠳᠥ᠂ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ <ref>Ulrich Theobald. King Wuling of Zhao. ChinaKnowledge.de -An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History᠂ Literature and Art 2019/03/09. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/personszhaowulingwang.html</ref> ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ “ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠢ” ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ | ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 403–222 ᠣᠨ) Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 325–299 ᠣᠨ) ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠪᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠂ ᠣᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠦ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ Wei᠂ Qi ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠯᠠᠭᠠᠮ᠂ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠷᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠬᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠨᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠯᠤᠭᠠ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠥᠮᠥᠳᠥ᠂ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ <ref>Ulrich Theobald. King Wuling of Zhao. ChinaKnowledge.de -An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History᠂ Literature and Art 2019/03/09. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/personszhaowulingwang.html</ref> ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ “ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠢ” ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ | ||
ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Qin Kai ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠴᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠵᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ Qin Kai ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 300 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ Gojoseon ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠴᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠰᠤᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Adam T. Kessler. Empires Beyond the Great Wall: The Heritage of Genghis Khan. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (1993)᠂ p᠃ 44.</ref> | ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Qin Kai ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠴᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠵᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ Qin Kai ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 300 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ Gojoseon ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠴᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠰᠤᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Adam T. Kessler. Empires Beyond the Great Wall: The Heritage of Genghis Khan. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (1993)᠂ p᠃ 44.</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠩᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠷᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠵᠠ᠃ | ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠩᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠷᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠵᠠ᠃ | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
| 85-р мөр: | 85-р мөр: | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ 50 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ᠂ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃<ref>Таскин В. С. Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы дунху / Н. Ц. Мункуев. — Москва: Наука, 1984.</ref> | ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ 50 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ᠂ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃<ref>Таскин В. С. Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы дунху / Н. Ц. Мункуев. — Москва: Наука, 1984.</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ '''ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ''' ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢᠨ (Tánshíhuái; 141 - 181 ᠣᠨ) ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ '''ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ''' ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢᠨ (Tánshíhuái; 141 - 181 ᠣᠨ) ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 155 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 166 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠦᠨ<sup>Wusun</sup>᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠰᠰᠤᠷᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠻᠠᠰᠫᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Grousset᠂ Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp᠃ 53–54. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/52/mode/2up</ref><ref>“Nomads in Central Asia.” N. Ishjamts. In: History of civilizations of Central Asia᠂ Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D᠃ 250. Harmatta᠂ János᠂ ed.᠂ 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing᠂ pp᠃ 155–156.</ref> | ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 155 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 166 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠦᠨ<sup>Wusun</sup>᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠰᠰᠤᠷᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠻᠠᠰᠫᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Grousset᠂ Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp᠃ 53–54. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/52/mode/2up</ref><ref>“Nomads in Central Asia.” N. Ishjamts. In: History of civilizations of Central Asia᠂ Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D᠃ 250. Harmatta᠂ János᠂ ed.᠂ 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing᠂ pp᠃ 155–156.</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ||
| 114-р мөр: | 114-р мөр: | ||
ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ (Kumo Xi) ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠪᠢTatabi.<ref>Markus Milligan. The Guyaju Caves. Heritage Daily 2022/05/02᠃ https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/05/the-guyaju-caves/143481</ref> ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ (Kumo Xi) ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠪᠢTatabi.<ref>Markus Milligan. The Guyaju Caves. Heritage Daily 2022/05/02᠃ https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/05/the-guyaju-caves/143481</ref> ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (93-234 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (93-234 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨ<sup>Róurán</sup> (ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ)᠂ ᠲᠦᠸᠧ<sup>Tuòbá</sup> (ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ)᠂ ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩ<sup>Mùróng</sup>᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠸᠠᠨ<sup>Duàn</sup>᠂ ᠴᠢᠹᠦ<sup>Qǐfú</sup> ᠂ ᠲᠦᠹᠠ<sup>Tūfǎ</sup>᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ᠂ '''ᠢᠦᠢ ᠸᠡᠨ'''<sup>Yǔwén</sup> ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨ<sup>Róurán</sup> (ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ)᠂ ᠲᠦᠸᠧ<sup>Tuòbá</sup> (ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ)᠂ ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩ<sup>Mùróng</sup>᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠸᠠᠨ<sup>Duàn</sup>᠂ ᠴᠢᠹᠦ<sup>Qǐfú</sup> ᠂ ᠲᠦᠹᠠ<sup>Tūfǎ</sup>᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ᠂ '''ᠢᠦᠢ ᠸᠡᠨ'''<sup>Yǔwén</sup> ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (284–670 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref>ᠳ ∙ ᠭᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ᠃ Mongolcom 2014/08/16. http://www.mongolcom.mn/kids/id/12406</ref> | ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (284–670 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref>ᠳ ∙ ᠭᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ᠃ Mongolcom 2014/08/16. http://www.mongolcom.mn/kids/id/12406</ref> | ||
<br> | |||
ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (386–535 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<sup>Yuán</sup> ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (386–535 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<sup>Yuán</sup> ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠷᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (330–555 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠸᠠᠷ<sup>Pannonian Avars</sup> ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠶ᠋᠋ (567 – 822 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠷᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (330–555 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠸᠠᠷ<sup>Pannonian Avars</sup> ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠶ᠋᠋ (567 – 822 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠴᠢᠹᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠲᠦ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (385–400᠂ 409–431 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ᠴᠢᠹᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠲᠦ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (385–400᠂ 409–431 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ||
<br> | |||
ᠲᠦᠹᠠ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ Liáng ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ (397–404᠂ 408–414 ᠣᠨ) ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠲᠦᠹᠠ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ Liáng ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ (397–404᠂ 408–414 ᠣᠨ) ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ||
| 137-р мөр: | 137-р мөр: | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
==ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ== | ==ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ== | ||
ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ - Eastern Hu, Donghu | |||
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ - Xianbei | |||
ᠮᡝᠩᠭᡠ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ - Menggu Shiwei | |||
ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ - Xiongnu | |||
ᠣᠪᠤᠭ - clan | |||
ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ - tribe | |||
ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠ - tribal confederation | |||
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ - ethnos | |||
ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ - Bronze Age | |||
ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ - Iron Age | |||
ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ - Chanyu | |||
ᠸᠠᠩ - Wang, King | |||
ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ - to pay tribute | |||
ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ - to raid | |||
ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ - raid(s) | |||
ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠵᠦᠢ - genetics | |||
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ - ethnography | |||
ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ - archeology | |||
"ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ" - Upper Xiajiadian Culture | |||
ᠳᠥᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ - Slab Grave Culture | |||
<br><br> | |||
==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ== | ==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ== | ||
<div style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><References/> | <div style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; "><References/> | ||