837
edits
"Сэтгэл төдийтний тогтсон таалал"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
Сэтгэл төдийтний тогтсон таалал (засварлах)
21:35, 18 Аравдугаар сар 2019-ий байдлаарх засвар
, 18 Аравдугаар сар 2019→ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ
(Addition) |
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| 16-р мөр: | 16-р мөр: | ||
=ᠲᠡᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠮ= | =ᠲᠡᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠮ= | ||
=ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ= | =ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ= | ||
ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ (Yogācāra) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠥᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ (ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ)᠂ ᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | |||
ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ (vijñapti-mātra) ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ (metaphysical idealism) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠭᠢᠯ ᠯᠡ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠠᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠤᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠪᠯᠠᠩ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ (ontological) ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠧᠲᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠵᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ 1. ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠂ 2. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ | |||
==2a. "ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠥᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ== | ==2a. "ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠥᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ== | ||
ᠻᠠᠷᠲ᠋ᠧᠽ (Cartesian) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠻᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ (Kant) ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠪᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ 《ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ》 ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠱᠣᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠧᠢᠢᠪᠨᠢᠼ (Leibniz) ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠊ᠳᠧᠻᠠᠷᠲ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠶᠢᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠡᠷ ᠢᠨᠦ᠄ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯ (ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ) ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ (ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ) - ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠥᠷᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠠᠭᠦᠰᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠢᠦ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠰ (ᠻᠡᠮᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ (ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠪᠧᠷᠻᠡᠯᠢ (Berkeley) ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ esse est percipi ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠻ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠦᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠰ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠮᠡᠯᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ "idea-ism" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠫᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ (Plato) ᠊ᠤ eidos ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ (ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ) ᠲᠤᠷ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ᠂ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠭ (physical)᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠥᠷᠲᠠᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠰ ᠊ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | |||
==2b. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋== | ==2b. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋== | ||
ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ Pramāṇavāda (Epistemology) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠫᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠥᠯᠥᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠣᠬᠥᠳ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ Pramāṇavāda ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠥᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠥᠳ ᠥᠬᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠷᠰᠥᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠥ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ prameya (ontology) ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠥᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠩᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ (pramāṇa) ᠬᠥᠴᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠳᠡᠬᠥᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠭᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠥ᠋ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠥ ᠥᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠥᠷᠡᠰᠥ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠬᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠣᠯᠢ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠮᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠥ ᠳᠥᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠩᠳᠡᠭᠥᠷᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠶ᠃ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠴᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ (vyāpti) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠠᠮᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠵᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠮᠡᠲᠣᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠢᠯᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣᠢᠢᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠥᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠡᠨᠣ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠥᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠷᠡᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠥᠳ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ (logic) ᠡᠭᠥᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ Pramāṇavāda (Epistemology) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠫᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠥᠯᠥᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠣᠬᠥᠳ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ Pramāṇavāda ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠥᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠥᠳ ᠥᠬᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠷᠰᠥᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠥ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ prameya (ontology) ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠥᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠩᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ (pramāṇa) ᠬᠥᠴᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠳᠡᠬᠥᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠭᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠥ᠋ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠥ ᠥᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠥᠷᠡᠰᠥ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠬᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠣᠯᠢ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠮᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠥ ᠳᠥᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠩᠳᠡᠭᠥᠷᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠶ᠃ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠴᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ (vyāpti) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠠᠮᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠵᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠮᠡᠲᠣᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠢᠯᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣᠢᠢᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠥᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠡᠨᠣ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠥᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠷᠡᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠥᠳ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ (logic) ᠡᠭᠥᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ||