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"Термодинамикийн хуулиуд"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
Термодинамикийн хуулиуд (засварлах)
23:42, 9 Зургаадугаар сар 2020-ий байдлаарх засвар
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| 5-р мөр: | 5-р мөр: | ||
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>0</small> ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ <ref>thermodynamic equilibrium</ref> ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠩ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ <ref>temperature</ref> ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠢᠪᠴᠤᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦ᠋ᠯ <ref>molecule</ref> ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠻᠢᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ <ref>kinetic energy</ref> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>0</small> ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ <ref>thermodynamic equilibrium</ref> ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠩ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ <ref>temperature</ref> ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠢᠪᠴᠤᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦ᠋ᠯ <ref>molecule</ref> ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠻᠢᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ <ref>kinetic energy</ref> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ||
<br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>0</small> ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ<br>'''ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠣᠪᠭᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠮᠤᠢ''' <br>ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠭᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠌᠃<ref>https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08</ref> | <br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>0</small> ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ<br>'''ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠣᠪᠭᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠪᠶᠧᠻᠲ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠮᠤᠢ''' <br>ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠭᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠌᠃<ref>https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08</ref> | ||
= | =ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ= | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:First_law_open_system.svg|thumb| | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:First_law_open_system.svg|thumb| | ||
<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠰᠢᠰᠲᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ <br>ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ <br>ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ <br>ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ <br>ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ <br>ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ <br>ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ <br>ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠤᠢ]]</span> | <span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠰᠢᠰᠲᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ <br>ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ <br>ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ <br>ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ <br>ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ <br>ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ <br>ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ <br>ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠤᠢ]]</span> | ||
| 12-р мөр: | 12-р мөр: | ||
<small><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">ΔU = Q – W</span></small>''' ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠂ <small>U</small> ᠨᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ᠂ <small>Q</small> ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ <small>W</small> ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠣᠦ᠋ᠯ <small>(Joule)</small> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃<ref>https://sciencing.com/second-law-of-thermodynamics-definition-equation-examples-13722778.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 09</ref> | <small><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">ΔU = Q – W</span></small>''' ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠂ <small>U</small> ᠨᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ᠂ <small>Q</small> ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ <small>W</small> ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠣᠦ᠋ᠯ <small>(Joule)</small> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃<ref>https://sciencing.com/second-law-of-thermodynamics-definition-equation-examples-13722778.html ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 09</ref> | ||
<br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>1</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠨᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>2</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠮᠦᠢ᠃ | <br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>1</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠨᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>2</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠮᠦᠢ᠃ | ||
= | =ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ= | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Experiment exploring the second principle of thermodynamics.svg|thumb| | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Experiment exploring the second principle of thermodynamics.svg|thumb| | ||
<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ <small>(A)</small>᠂ <br> ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ <br> ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ <small>(B)</small><br>ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ <br>ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ <br>ᠬᠥᠷᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ <small>(C)</small>]]</span> | <span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ <small>(A)</small>᠂ <br> ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠢ <br> ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ <small>(B)</small><br>ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ <br>ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ <br>ᠬᠥᠷᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ <small>(C)</small>]]</span> | ||
| 19-р мөр: | 19-р мөр: | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:PSM V76 D246 Demonstration of the second law of thermodynamics.png|thumb| | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:PSM V76 D246 Demonstration of the second law of thermodynamics.png|thumb| | ||
<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ<br>ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ<br>ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ<br>ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ]]</span> | <span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; ">ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠣᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ<br>ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ<br>ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ<br>ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ]]</span> | ||
= | =ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ= | ||
ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>3</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠯᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ <small>(0)</small> ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>3</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠯᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ <small>(0)</small> ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | ||
<br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>3</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ <br>'''ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠰᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ <small>(''0 K'')</small> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠠᠭᠦ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠥᠫᠶ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋''' <br>ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃<ref>https://www.livescience.com/ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08</ref> | <br>ᠲᠧᠷᠮᠥᠳᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ ᠊ᠤᠨ <small>3</small> ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ <br>'''ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠰᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ <small>(''0 K'')</small> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠠᠭᠦ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠧᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠥᠫᠶ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋''' <br>ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃<ref>https://www.livescience.com/ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020 ᠣᠨ ᠊ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 08</ref> | ||