ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ хуудасны эх кодыг харах

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|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ
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<br>ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ<sup>Интеркосмос</sup> ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ [[ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ]] ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<ref>А.М.Прохоров и др. Советский энциклопедический словарь. ©Издательство “Советская энциклопедия”. Москва 1989</ref> 

ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>academy</sup> ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠪᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref>[http://sovet.cosmos.ru/sites/default/files/history/2_14.pdf Создание Совета по международному сотрудничеству в области исследования и использования космического пространства в мирных целях при АН СССР (Совет «Интеркосмос»)]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref>  

ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋<sup>socialist</sup> ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃<ref name=":0">[http://kik-sssr.ru/Interkosmos.htm Спутники "Интеркосмос"]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref>    

ᠤᠭ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ "ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ 

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠩᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃

ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋᠂ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ᠂ ᠷᠦᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 

ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ [[ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ [[ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ|ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ]] ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ 1969 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14 ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃<ref name=":0" /><br>

ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ - ᠲᠡᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup> ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref name=":16">[http://nsse2018.ac.mn/uploads/papers/1570593240BUTEEL_20_3.pdf Д.Батмөнх,
С.Ваша, Ч.Лхагважав, С.Н.Опарин. Излучение He-подобного иона МэXI солнца в диапазоне 𝝀𝛌9, 15 ÷ 9, 32. ШУА. Физик-Техникийн Хүрээлэн. 1981 №20]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref><br>
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ - ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ 1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22 - 30 ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<sup>Союз-39</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ  ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ 

ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39 ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ<sup>Салют</sup> ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ<sup>station</sup> ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<sup>Владимир Жанибеков</sup>᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ 

ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ ‍ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ‍‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃    <br><br>
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ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1991 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ 

ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ<sup>Союз</sup>᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠫᠣᠯᠯᠣ᠋<sup>Apollo</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍1975 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ 1970-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠯᠢ<sup>Shuttle</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ NASA ᠪᠠ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠢ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃

ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 1980-᠊ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠠᠨ᠎<sup>Буран</sup> ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_-_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir#2.1.6_Shuttle-Salyut_.281973-1978.3B_1980s.29 Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/27</ref> 

ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1990-᠊ᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠲ᠋ᠲᠯᠢ - ᠮᠢᠷ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ 

ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃

<br>
	
==ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ==
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
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|[[File:Intercosmos 1 2.jpg|thumb|center]]
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ
|}
<br>
ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ <br>
ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ‍ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃<br>
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ
!ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ
!ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-1
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ [[Цахилгаан соронзон долгионы хуваарь|ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ]] ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ
|1969/10/14
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-1<sup>Вертикаль-1</sup>
|ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎<sup>ion</sup> ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1970/11/28 
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-2
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎<sup>Röntgen</sup> ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1971/08/20
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6
|ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ
|1972/04/07
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-9
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠣᠫᠧᠷᠨᠢᠴᠤᠰ-500<sup>Copernicus</sup> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠃ 200-1550 km ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ
|1973/04/04
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-14
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ
|1975/06/03
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-3
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1975/09/02
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-15
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠬᠤ 
|1976/06/19
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ 
|1976/07/27
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-5
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1977/08/30
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-17
|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ <sup>energy</sup> ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ [[ᠻᠸᠠᠷᠻ|ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ]]᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1977/09/24
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-6
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ
|1977/10/25
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ [[ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ]] ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ 
ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎<ref>Magion</ref> ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-18 ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
|1978/10/24
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-7
|ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ
|1978/11/03
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-19
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ [[ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠦ᠋ᠭ᠌ᠼ|ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ]] ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ
|1979/02/27
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-8
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1979/09/26
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-20
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂  ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ 
|1979/11/01
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-21
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂  ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ 
|1981/02/06
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-22
|ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠣᠨ᠍ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ 
|1981/08/07
|-
|ᠸᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠯ-9
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1981/08/28
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-23
|
|1985/04/26
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-24
|ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠣᠨ᠎-2 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ<sup>plasma</sup> ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠢᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠢ<sup>Activity</sup> ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ
|1989/09/28
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-25
|ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ<sup>electron</sup> ᠪᠠ ᠫ᠊ᠯᠠᠰᠮᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ 
|1991/12/18
|-
|ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-26
|ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
|1994/03/02
|}
<br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-6᠂ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠌᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ-16 ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠮᠠᠭ᠌ᠨᠢ<sup>magnesium</sup> ‍ᠢᠢᠨ He ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠢᠣᠨ᠎ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃<ref name=":16"/><br>
<br>	
==ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ==
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|[[File:Socialist Mongolia Suit of Mongolian Cosmonaut.jpg|thumb|center]]
|style = "height: 90px;"|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ
|}
<br>
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠢᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠻᠣᠰᠮᠣᠰ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠦᠯᠴᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ <br>
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ
! ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠭᠴᠢᠳ !! ᠤᠯᠤᠰ !! ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ
!ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-28<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠢ ᠭᠤᠪᠠᠷᠧᠹ<ref>Алексей Губарев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠷᠧᠮᠧᠻ<ref>Vladimír Remek</ref>
|ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠣᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3" />᠂ <br>ᠣᠯᠲᠷᠢᠻ ᠫᠧᠯᠴᠠᠻ<ref>Oldřich Pelčák</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠴᠧᠻᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠠᠻ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-30<br>[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|40px]]
|ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠻᠯᠢᠮᠦ᠋ᠻ<ref>Виктор Климук</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠢᠷᠣᠰᠯᠠᠹ ᠾᠧᠷᠮᠠᠱᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Mirosław Hermaszewski</ref>
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4" />᠂ <br>ᠽᠧᠨᠣᠨ᠎ ᠶᠠᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref>Zenon Jankowski</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 27
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-31<br>[[File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8">Валерий Быковский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠢᠭ᠌᠊ᠮᠦ᠋ᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ᠶᠠᠾᠨ<ref>Sigmund Jähn</ref>
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5" />᠂ <br>ᠧᠪᠧᠷᠾᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠻᠥᠯᠯᠨᠧᠷ<ref>Eberhard Köllner</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1978 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26 
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-33<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]]
|ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠢ ᠷᠦᠻᠠᠸᠢᠱᠨᠢᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":3">Николай Рукавишников</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠸᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Георгий Иванов</ref>
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6">Юрий Романенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9">Александр Александров</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6 <small><small>(ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ)</small></small>
|1979  ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 10 
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-36<br>[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|50px]]
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠻᠦᠪᠠᠰᠣᠹ<ref name=":4">Валерий Кубасов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ ᠹᠠᠷᠻᠠᠱ<ref>Bertalan Farkas</ref>
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠧᠯᠠ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷᠢ<ref>Béla Magyari</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠾᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-37<br>[[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠻᠣ<ref name=":5">Виктор Горбатко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠾᠠᠮ ᠲᠦ᠋ᠠᠨ᠎<ref>Pham Tuân</ref>
|ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠢᠻᠣᠹᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":8" />᠂ <br>ᠪᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠢᠶᠧᠮ<ref>Bui Thanh Liem</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-38<br>[[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|50px]]
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣ ᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠧᠽ<ref>Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</ref>
|ᠶᠧᠸᠭᠧᠨᠢ ᠾᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Евгений Хрунов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠣᠰᠧ ᠹᠠᠯᠻᠣᠨ<ref>José Armando López Falcón</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠻᠦᠪᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1980 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 09 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-39<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People's_Republic_(1945–1992).svg|50px]]
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1">Владимир Джанибеков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠵᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷᠳᠢᠮᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠷᠠᠭᠴᠠ
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" >Владимир Ляхов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠩᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 03 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 23
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ-40<br>[[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).svg|40px]]
|ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠫᠣᠫᠣᠹ<ref>Леонид Попов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠫᠷᠦ᠋ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠦ<ref>Dumitru Prunariu</ref>
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":6" />᠂ <br>ᠳ᠋ᠦᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠷᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠳᠢᠶᠦ<ref>Dumitru Dediu</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-6
|1981 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 14
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠢᠪᠧᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":1" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠢᠸᠠᠨ᠍ᠴᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Иванченков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎<ref name=":15">Jean-Loup Chrétien</ref>
|ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠢᠳ᠋ ᠻᠢᠽᠢᠮ<ref>Леонид Кизим</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠶᠣᠹ<ref>Владимир Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠫᠠᠲ᠋ᠷᠢᠻ ᠪᠠᠦ᠋ᠲᠷᠢ<ref>Patrick Baudry</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7
|1982 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 24
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|40px]]
|ᠶᠦᠷᠢ ᠮᠠᠯᠢᠱᠧᠹ<ref>Юрий Малышев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠩᠨᠠᠳᠢ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠧᠻᠠᠯᠣᠹ<ref>Геннадий Стрекалов</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠻᠧᠱ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠ<ref>Rakesh Sharma</ref>
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠧᠷᠧᠽᠣᠸᠣᠢ<ref>Анатолий Березовой</ref>᠂ <br>ᠭᠧᠣᠷᠭᠢ ᠭᠷᠧᠴᠻᠣ<ref>Георгий Гречко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠷᠠᠸᠢᠱ ᠮᠠᠯᠾᠣᠲ᠋ᠷᠠ<ref>Ravish Malhotra</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|ᠰᠠᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠲ-7
|1984 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 04 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-3<br>[[File:Flag_of_Syria.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12">Александр Викторенко</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Александров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠾᠠᠮᠮᠧᠳ᠋ ᠹᠠᠷᠢᠰ<ref>Muhammed Faris</ref>
|ᠮᠦᠨᠢᠷ ᠾᠠᠪᠢᠪ<ref>Munir Habib</ref>
|ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1987 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 07 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 22
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-5<br>[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971–1990).svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠸᠢᠣᠹ<ref>Анатолий Соловьёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠰᠠᠸᠢᠨᠢᠾ<ref>Виктор Савиных</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠣᠹ<ref name=":9" />
|ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠰᠧᠷᠧᠪᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Александр Серебров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻᠷᠠᠰᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠰᠲᠣᠶᠠᠨᠣᠹ<ref>Красимир Стоянов</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 06 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 07
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-6<br>[[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1987–1992).svg|50px]]
||ᠸᠯᠠᠳᠢᠮᠢᠷ ᠯᠶᠠᠾᠣᠹ<ref name=":7" />᠂ <br>ᠸᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ ᠫᠣᠯᠶᠠᠻᠣᠹ<ref>Валерий Поляков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠠᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠯ ᠮᠣᠾᠮᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋<ref>Abdul Mohmand</ref>
|ᠮᠣᠾᠠᠮᠮᠠᠳ᠋ ᠮᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠮ<ref>Mohammad Masum</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 08 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 29
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-7<br>[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13">Александр Волков</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2">Сергей Крикалёв</ref>᠂ <br>ᠿᠧᠠᠨ᠎ ᠯᠣᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠻᠷᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠧᠨ᠎<ref name=":15"/>
|ᠮᠢᠱᠧᠯ ᠲᠣᠭ᠌ᠨᠢᠨᠢ<ref>Michel Tognini</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1988 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 26
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-11<br>[[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|40px]]
|ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠠᠹᠠᠨᠠᠰᠢᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Виктор Афанасьев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠮᠦᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠠᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Муса Манаров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠶᠣᠬᠢᠷᠣ᠋ ᠠᠻᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠ<ref>Toyohiro Akiyama</ref>
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" >Анатолий Арцебарский</ref>᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2"/>᠂ <br>ᠷᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻᠣ ᠻᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠴᠢ<ref>Ryoko Kikuchi</ref>
|ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1990 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 12 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-12<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠼᠧᠪᠠᠷᠰᠻᠢ<ref name=":11" />᠂ <br>ᠰᠧᠷᠭᠧᠢ ᠻᠷᠢᠻᠠᠯᠶᠣᠹ<ref name=":2" />᠂ <br>ᠾᠧᠯᠧᠨ᠎ ᠱᠠᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠎<ref>Helen Sharman</ref>
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠻᠠᠯᠧᠷᠢ<ref>Александр Калери</ref>᠂ <br>ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠲᠾᠢ ᠮᠠᠢᠢᠰ<ref>Timothy Mace</ref>
|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠠᠨ᠍ᠳ᠋ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 05 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 18
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|50px]]<br>ᠰᠣᠶᠦ᠋ᠽ ᠲᠮ-13<br>[[File:Flag_of_Austria.svg|40px]]
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠻᠣᠹ<ref name=":13"/>᠂ <br>ᠲᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠻᠢᠷᠣᠹ<ref>Токтар Аубакиров</ref>᠂ <br>ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠾᠪᠥᠻ<ref>Franz Viehböck</ref>
|ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷ ᠸᠢᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠧᠨ᠍ᠻᠣ<ref name=":12" />᠂ <br>ᠲᠠᠯᠭᠠᠲ ᠮᠦᠰᠠᠪᠠᠶᠧᠹ<ref>Талгат Мусабаев</ref>᠂ <br>ᠻ᠊ᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠍ᠰ ᠯᠣᠲ᠋ᠾᠠᠯᠯᠧᠷ<ref>Clemens Lothaller</ref>
|ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
|<div style="margin-top: 2vh;">ᠮᠢᠷ
|1991 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 10 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 02
|}
<br>
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ <b>ᠳᠧᠲᠧᠻᠲᠣᠷ</b><sup>detector</sup> ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠴᠥᠮ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋” (“Излучение”) ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ <b>ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ</b><sup>polarimeter</sup> ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ “ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ” (“Поляризация”) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ <br>
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ВПА-1М, ВПА-2, УСП-2, ДП-1, ДП-2 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>[http://www.sansar81.mn/index.php?pid=9 ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠤᠳ]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref> <br>
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ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡ 36 ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<br> 
ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
1) ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ-ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻ<sup>physic-technic</sup><br> 
2) ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ<sup>technology</sup><br>
3) ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ-ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠥᠭᠢ<sup>biology</sup><br> 
4) ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠴᠡ<ref>[https://ikon.mn/n/25v1 ᠴ᠂ ᠠᠳᠢᠶᠠᠰᠦᠷᠦᠩ᠃ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠴᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃ 2021/03/21]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/31</ref><br>
ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠄<br>
ᠪᠢᠣᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠾᠮ<sup>Биоритм</sup><br>
ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ <br>
ᠨᠧᠫᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠎<sup>Нептун</sup><br>
ᠸᠣᠷᠣᠲ᠋ᠨᠢᠻ<sup>Воротник</sup><br>
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ <br>
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠦ <br>
ᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠰᠲ<sup>Контраст</sup><br>
ᠠᠲᠮᠣᠰᠫᠾᠡᠷᠠ<sup>Атмосфера</sup><br>
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ<br>
ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ <br>
ᠪᠢᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷᠠ-ᠮᠣᠨ<sup>Биосфера-Мон</sup><br>
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ <br>
<br>
==ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠥᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ==
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ - spacecraft - космический корабль <br>
ᠬᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ - satellite - искусственный спутник <br>
ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠫᠤᠤᠵᠢᠩ - launch vehicle - ракета-носитель <br>
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ - orbit - орбита <br>
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠦᠯᠭᠡ - space flight - космический полет <br>
ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠵᠠᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ - space station - орбитальная станция <br>
ᠢᠣᠨᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ionosphere - ионосфера <br>
ᠰᠥᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ - magnetosphere - магнитосфера <br>
ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - ultraviolet ray - ультрафиолетовый луч <br>
ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ - short waves - короткие волны <br>
ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - cosmic radiation - космические лучи <br> ‍
ᠷᠥᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ - X-ray - рентгеновское излучение  <br>
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==ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ==
[[Ангилал:ᠣᠳᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ]]
[[Ангилал:ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ]]