Засварлах: Сэтгэл төдийтний тогтсон таалал
Засвар цуцлагдаж болно. Доорх харьцуулалтыг шалгаж үнэхээр хиймээр байгаа зүйл мөн үү гэдгээ нотлоорой. Дараа нь засварыг дуусгахын тулд өөрчлөлтүүдээ хадгална уу.
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{{Dutuu}} | |||
ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠥ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ Saṅdhinirmocana ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠬᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠨᠳᠡᠭ (pratipakṣa) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠪᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠢᠻᠠᠶᠠ (Nikāya) ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠬᠲᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ (Abhidharma)᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (neyārtha)᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠢᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠨᠢᠾᠢᠯᠢᠰᠮ (nihilism) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ (nītārtha) ᠪᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ (nitārtha) ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠰ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠩᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠮᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠰᠢᠮᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠨᠡᠯᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦᠬᠤᠢ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ (abhidharma)᠂ ᠤᠴᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠠᠪ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠡᠴᠡ (cosmology)᠂ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋. | ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠥ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ Saṅdhinirmocana ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠬᠢ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠨᠳᠡᠭ (pratipakṣa) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠪᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠢ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠢᠻᠠᠶᠠ (Nikāya) ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠬᠲᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ (Abhidharma)᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠬᠤ ᠊ᠳᠤᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (neyārtha)᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠰᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠰᠤᠩᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠢᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠨᠢᠾᠢᠯᠢᠰᠮ (nihilism) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠ ᠊ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ (nītārtha) ᠪᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ (nitārtha) ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠰ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠩᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠮᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠰᠢᠮᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠨᠡᠯᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦᠬᠤᠢ᠃ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠊ᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ (abhidharma)᠂ ᠤᠴᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠠᠪ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠡᠴᠡ (cosmology)᠂ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠊ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋. | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Asanga.JPG|thumb| | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Asanga.JPG|thumb| | ||
19-р мөр: | 16-р мөр: | ||
=ᠲᠡᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠮ= | =ᠲᠡᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠢᠢᠮ= | ||
=ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ= | =ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠥᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ= | ||
==2a. "ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠥᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ== | ==2a. "ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠥ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠥᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ== | ||
==2b. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋== | ==2b. ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋== | ||
ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ Pramāṇavāda (Epistemology) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠫᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠥᠯᠥᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠣᠬᠥᠳ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ Pramāṇavāda ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠥᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠥᠳ ᠥᠬᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠷᠰᠥᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠥ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ prameya (ontology) ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠥᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠩᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ (pramāṇa) ᠬᠥᠴᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠳᠡᠬᠥᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠭᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠥ᠋ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠥ ᠥᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠥᠷᠡᠰᠥ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠬᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠣᠯᠢ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠮᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠥ ᠳᠥᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠩᠳᠡᠭᠥᠷᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠶ᠃ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠴᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ (vyāpti) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠠᠮᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠵᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠮᠡᠲᠣᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠢᠯᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣᠢᠢᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠥᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠡᠨᠣ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠥᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠷᠡᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠥᠳ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ (logic) ᠡᠭᠥᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ Pramāṇavāda (Epistemology) ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠫᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠥᠯᠥᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠣᠬᠥᠳ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ Pramāṇavāda ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠥᠨ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠥᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠥᠳ ᠥᠬᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠷᠰᠥᠯᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠣᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠥ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠫᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ prameya (ontology) ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠥᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠥᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠣᠩᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ (pramāṇa) ᠬᠥᠴᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠥᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠳᠡᠬᠥᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠭᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠾᠢᠨᠳᠥ᠋ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠥ ᠥᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠥ ᠢᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠾᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠥ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠥᠷᠡᠰᠥ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠥ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠨᠢᠴᠥᠬᠡᠴᠥᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠬᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠣᠯᠢ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠮᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠥᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠨᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠥᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠴᠥᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠥ ᠳᠥᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢ ᠡᠩᠳᠡᠭᠥᠷᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠭᠡᠬᠥᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠮᠥᠶ᠃ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠵᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠴᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ (vyāpti) ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠣ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠲᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠠᠮᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠪᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠵᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠮᠡᠲᠣᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠢᠯᠰ ᠢ᠂ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠨᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣᠢᠢᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠥᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠣ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠥᠢᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠡᠨᠣ ᠬᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠥᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠩᠨᠡᠬᠥᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠷᠡᠯᠳᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠥᠳ ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠥᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠥᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ (logic) ᠡᠭᠥᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ||