ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ: Засвар хоорондын ялгаа

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 {{Horizontal}}[[File:The origin and evolution of life, on the theory of action, reaction and interaction of energy (1917) (14579497359).jpg|thumb|{{Mongolian}}ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ<br>ᠣᠨᠣᠯ]]{{Z}}
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 ==ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ==
 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠰᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ᠂ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠦᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/</ref>
-==ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ==
-ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ (gene flow) ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠡᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ<ref>Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081</ref>᠃<br>
-ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃<br>
 ==ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ==
+ᠭᠧᠨ᠎ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ (gene flow) ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠡᠮᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ<ref>Morjan, Carrie L.; Rieseberg, Loren H. (June 2004). "How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles". Molecular Ecology. 13 (6): 1341–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 2600545. PMID 15140081</ref>᠃<br>
+ᠭᠧᠨ᠍ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃<br>
 ==ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠤᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ==
+ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠢᠢᠬᠦ (mutation bias) ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃<br>
+ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠯᠧᠻᠦᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>R. Hershberg and D. A. Petrov (2010). "Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria". PLoS Genet. 6 (9): e1001115. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115. PMC 2936535. PMID 20838599</ref>
 =ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩ=
-==ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠤ==
+==ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ==
+ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠯ (adaptedness) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠴᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠣ᠂ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠮᠢᠬᠥ ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃<ref>Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0. LCCN 72127363. OCLC 97663</ref> ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ‍ᠣ ᠰᠢᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠥᠳ (adaptive traits) ᠡᠭᠥᠨ ‍‍ᠳᠥ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃
 ==ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ==
+ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ‍ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ‍ᠶ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ (coevolution) ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃
+<ref>Wade, Michael J. (March 2007). "The co-evolutionary genetics of ecological communities". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1038/nrg2031. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17279094. S2CID 36705246.
+</ref>ᠲᠡᠭᠥᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋
+ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠳᠠᠮ -
+ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠ  ᠬᠣ ᠢᠰᠣᠯ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
 ==ᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ==
+ᠪᠥᠯᠥᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠥ ᠨᠣᠭᠥᠳ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠶᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠥᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠥᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠡᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ  ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠭᠡᠮ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠨ ᠥᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠥᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠥᠯᠬᠥ ‍ᠳᠣ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠯᠳᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃<ref>
+Gardner, Andy; Griffin, Ashleigh; West, Stuart (December 2009). Theory of Cooperation. eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. ISBN 978-0470016176.</ref>
 ==ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ==
+ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠰᠢᠨ᠌ᠡ᠋ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠥᠳ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠴᠥ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ᠌ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ "ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠡᠬᠥᠰᠥᠯ" ᠪᠥᠳᠥᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠳᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Via, Sara (June 16, 2009). "Natural selection in action during speciation". PNAS. 106 (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9939V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901397106. PMC 2702801. PMID 19528641.</ref>
 ==ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠬᠦ==
+ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠥᠬᠥᠯᠢ ᠪᠥᠲᠣᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠥᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠮᠥᠢ᠃ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠡᠭᠥᠰᠬᠥ᠂ ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠬᠥ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠰᠣᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠬᠡᠢ ᠥᠷᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>Goddard, Matthew R.; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Burt, Austin (March 31, 2005). "Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations". Nature. 434 (7033): 636–640. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..636G. doi:10.1038/nature03405. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15800622</ref>
+=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ=
+{{Horizontal}}
+Theory of Evolution<br>
+Charles Darwin<br>
+Darwinism<br>
+heredity<br>
+variation<br>
+natural selection<br>
+adaptation<br>
+co-evolution<br>
+cooperation<br>
+speciation<br>
+extinction<br>
+эволюционная теория<br>
+Чарльз Дарвин<br>
+дарвинизм<br>
+наследственность<br>
+изменчивость<br>
+естественнй отбор<br>
+приспособление<br>
+вымирание<br>
+происхождение видов<br>
+{{Z}}
-=ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ=
 =ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ=
+{{Horizontal}}
+[[Category:ᠪᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ‏‎]]