"ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
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| 72-р мөр: | 72-р мөр: | ||
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠲᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠲᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃ | ||
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 221–206 ᠣᠨ) ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 202 – 9 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ Lu Wan ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Lu Wan 195 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠤᠪᠢᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ | ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 221–206 ᠣᠨ) ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 202 – 9 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ Lu Wan ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Lu Wan 195 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠤᠪᠢᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠠᠶᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ 1000 ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ <ref>Yan State. Academic Accelerator. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2023/10/24 ᠃ https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/yan-state</ref> ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢ Sima Qian (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 145 – 86 ᠣᠨ) ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠯᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ <ref>C. Keith Hansley. Lu Wan—A Childhood Friend Of Emperor Gaozu Who Abandoned The Han Dynasty And Became A Nomadic Ruler</ref> Lu Wan ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 194 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠦ Lu Tuozhi ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 144 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠤᠭ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠾᠧᠦ (hóu᠂ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ) ᠬᠡᠷᠭᠡᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ||
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 45 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣᠳᠦ᠋ᠩ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 87 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢ ᠬᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠪᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ 93 ᠣᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 100000 ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠷᠦᠬᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ.᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩ<sup>Dingling</sup> ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ 95 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃<ref>Crespigny᠂ Rafe de (2007)᠂ A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms᠂ Brill</ref> | ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 45 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣᠳᠦ᠋ᠩ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 87 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢ ᠬᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠪᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ 93 ᠣᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 100000 ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠷᠦᠬᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ.᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩ<sup>Dingling</sup> ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ 95 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃<ref>Crespigny᠂ Rafe de (2007)᠂ A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms᠂ Brill</ref> | ||
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ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᠤᠷ |
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠪᠲᠤᠷᠭᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠵᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠢᠳᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠨᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠬᠥᠪᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
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"ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ"᠂ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ) |
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ (Donghu᠂ Eastern Hu᠂ Eastern Foreigners᠂ Eastern Nomads᠂ Дорнод Ху᠂ Дунху) ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ. ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 600 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 2 ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠾᠢᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠤᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠷᠨᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠾᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ 《ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ》 ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠪᠴᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠾᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ “Donghu” ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠤᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[1]
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤLiao ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ᠯᠤᠤᠬᠠ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ)᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣᠳᠦ᠋ᠩLiaodong ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢXiajiadian upper culture” (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1000 – 600 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ “ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ” ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤᠬᠤᠢ ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 1300–300 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠩᠨᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃[2]
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ[3] ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃
ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ᠂ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠵᠡᠷ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
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ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠲᠦ |
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 7 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃[4]
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠾᠢᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ.[5] ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ Zhao᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠴᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 403–222 ᠣᠨ) Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 325–299 ᠣᠨ) ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠪᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠂ ᠣᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠦ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠰᠢ Wei᠂ Qi ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠯᠠᠭᠠᠮ᠂ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠷᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ Zhao ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠬᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠨᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Wuling ᠸᠠᠩ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠯᠤᠭᠠ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠥᠮᠥᠳᠥ᠂ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ [6] ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ “ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠢ” ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃
ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Qin Kai ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠴᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠵᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ Qin Kai ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 300 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ Gojoseon ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠴᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠰᠤᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃[7]
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠩᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠷᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠵᠠ᠃
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
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ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠋ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ |
ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 220 - 209 ᠣᠨ) ᠦᠶᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃[8] ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ 20 ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃
ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ 209 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠶᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ 209 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠴᠠᠷ ᠭᠤᠤᠠ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠯᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠶᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠤᠰᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠨᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠰᠠᠷᠨᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ᠂ ᠠᠳᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠬᠡᠨᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠰᠤᠯᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ᠂ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠲᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 221–206 ᠣᠨ) ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 202 – 9 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ Lu Wan ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ Lu Wan 195 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠤᠪᠢᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠭᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠠᠶᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ 1000 ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ [9] ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢ Sima Qian (ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 145 – 86 ᠣᠨ) ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠯᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ [10] Lu Wan ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 194 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠦ Lu Tuozhi ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 144 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠤᠭ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠾᠧᠦ (hóu᠂ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ) ᠬᠡᠷᠭᠡᠮ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 45 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣᠳᠦ᠋ᠩ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 87 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢ ᠬᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠪᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ 93 ᠣᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ 100000 ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠷᠦᠬᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ.᠃ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩDingling ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ 95 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃[11]
ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
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ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠤ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ |
ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ 50 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ᠂ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[12]
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ 2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋᠋ᠢᠨ (Tánshíhuái; 141 - 181 ᠣᠨ) ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 155 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠨᠰᠢᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢ 166 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠦᠨWusun᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩ ᠯᠢᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠰᠰᠤᠷᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠻᠠᠰᠫᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ Han ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[13][14]
ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ 235 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠰᠡᠯᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ Wei (386–535 ᠣᠨ) ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠨ Yuan ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ (Rouran) ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ (330 – 555 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠮᠦᠷᠣᠩMùróng ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (284–670 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠦᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ 3 ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ᠂ ᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ (907 - 1125 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠮᠥᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ ᠠᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (1206 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠥᠮᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠷᠬᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠲᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ Yan ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠮᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃[15]
ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
 |
ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ |
ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠤᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ (Kumo Xi) ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠺᠦᠮᠣ ᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠪᠢTatabi.[16] ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (93-234 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨRóurán (ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ)᠂ ᠲᠦᠸᠧTuòbá (ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ)᠂ ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩMùróng᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠸᠠᠨDuàn᠂ ᠴᠢᠹᠦQǐfú ᠂ ᠲᠦᠹᠠTūfǎ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠢᠦᠢ ᠸᠡᠨYǔwén ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠮᠦᠷᠥ᠋ᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (284–670 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃[17]
ᠲᠠᠪᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (386–535 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨYuán ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠿᡆᡇᠿᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠷᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ (330–555 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠸᠠᠷPannonian Avars ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠶ᠋᠋ (567 – 822 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠴᠢᠹᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠲᠦ Qin ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ (385–400᠂ 409–431 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃
ᠲᠦᠹᠠ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ Liáng ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ (397–404᠂ 408–414 ᠣᠨ) ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ (916–1125 ᠣᠨ) ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠢᠦᠢ ᠸᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢShìwéi ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (744–840 ᠣᠨ) ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ 20 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᡝᠩᠸᡠMěngwù ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠮᡝᠩᠭᡠMěnggǔ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᡝᠩᠭᡠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠴᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠵᠦᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ C2b1a1b ᠾᠠᠫᠯᠣᠭᠷᠦ᠋ᠫhaplogroup ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ᠂ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠥᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ 2018 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 8 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠧᠨᠥᠮgenome ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[18] ᠲᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ C2b1a1b ᠾᠠᠫᠯᠣᠭᠷᠦ᠋ᠫ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ᠂ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠾᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠾᠤ - Eastern Hu, Donghu
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠧᠢ - Xianbei
ᠮᡝᠩᠭᡠ ᠱᠢᠸᠧᠢ - Menggu Shiwei
ᠾᠢᠶᠣᠩᠨᠦ - Xiongnu
ᠣᠪᠤᠭ - clan
ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ - tribe
ᠠᠶ᠋᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠ - tribal confederation
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ - ethnos
ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ - Bronze Age
ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ - Iron Age
ᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠦᠶ - Chanyu
ᠸᠠᠩ - Wang, King
ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ - to pay tribute
ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ - to raid
ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ - raid(s)
ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠵᠦᠢ - genetics
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ - ethnography
ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ - archeology
"ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ" - Upper Xiajiadian Culture
ᠳᠥᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ - Slab Grave Culture
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
- ↑ Hao᠂ Weimin and Qimudedaoerji᠃ (2007). Outline of Comprehensive History of Inner Mongolia. Beijing᠂ People's Press
- ↑ Зорикто Мункин. Первые кочевники Забайкалья. Долина Кижинги 2013/09/20. https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201425/http://kizhinga.ru/index.php/mn/about-kizhinga/106-kray/3211-2013-09-20-01-55-15
- ↑ Shimunek᠂ Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family᠂ with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. https://www.worldcat.org/title/993110372
- ↑ Дашибалов Эрдэм Баирович. Древний этап истории монголоязычных народов. Вестник Бурятского Государственного Университета 2014/08. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/drevniy-etap-istorii-mongoloyazychnyh-narodov/viewer
- ↑ Ma᠂ Changshou (1962). Wuhuan and Xianbei. Shanghai᠂ Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
- ↑ Ulrich Theobald. King Wuling of Zhao. ChinaKnowledge.de -An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History᠂ Literature and Art 2019/03/09. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/personszhaowulingwang.html
- ↑ Adam T. Kessler. Empires Beyond the Great Wall: The Heritage of Genghis Khan. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (1993)᠂ p᠃ 44.
- ↑ Watson᠂ Burton᠃ (1993). Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian. Translated by Burton Watson. Revised Edition. Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Yan State. Academic Accelerator. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2023/10/24 ᠃ https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/yan-state
- ↑ C. Keith Hansley. Lu Wan—A Childhood Friend Of Emperor Gaozu Who Abandoned The Han Dynasty And Became A Nomadic Ruler
- ↑ Crespigny᠂ Rafe de (2007)᠂ A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms᠂ Brill
- ↑ Таскин В. С. Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы дунху / Н. Ц. Мункуев. — Москва: Наука, 1984.
- ↑ Grousset᠂ Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp᠃ 53–54. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/52/mode/2up
- ↑ “Nomads in Central Asia.” N. Ishjamts. In: History of civilizations of Central Asia᠂ Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D᠃ 250. Harmatta᠂ János᠂ ed.᠂ 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing᠂ pp᠃ 155–156.
- ↑ Juliano᠂ Annette L (1991)᠃ “The Warring States Period—The State of Qin᠂ Yan᠂ Chu᠂ and Pazyryk: A Historical Footnote”. Notes in the History of Art.
- ↑ Markus Milligan. The Guyaju Caves. Heritage Daily 2022/05/02᠃ https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/05/the-guyaju-caves/143481
- ↑ ᠳ ∙ ᠭᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ᠃ Mongolcom 2014/08/16. http://www.mongolcom.mn/kids/id/12406
- ↑ Li᠂ Jiawei; et al᠃ (August 2018)᠃ “The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. American Association of Physical Anthropologists᠃ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681138/