11:02, 8 Наймдугаар сар 2020-ий байдлаарх засвар

ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ

ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ^litosphere ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠡᠴᠡ᠂ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠥ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠍ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠲᠯᠡᠯᠳᠡ^spreading (ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ) ᠪᠦᠰᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ (ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ) ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠦᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠻᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨ᠍ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠡᠨ᠍ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ

ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠥ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ

ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ‍ᠥ ᠴᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠷᠻᠧᠢ^Archean ᠪᠤᠶᠦ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠡᠢ᠃
ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠣᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠧᠻᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠫᠷᠥᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠣᠽᠥᠢ^Proterozoic ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠥᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠥ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ

ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠳ 400-600 ᠰᠠᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠲᠤᠲᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠵᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠥᠨᠥ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ 200-150 ᠰᠠᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ‍ᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠫᠠᠨᠭᠧᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋^Pangea ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠦᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠯᠠᠨᠲ᠋^Atlantic ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠮᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋᠎᠃
ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ^Indostan ᠧᠦᠷᠣ-ᠠᠰᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠲᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠡᠷᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠰᠢᠪᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠣᠢᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠦᠪᠳᠦ᠋ᠻᠼᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠦᠰᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠢᠢᠭ ᠳᠣᠣᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ

ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠠᠮᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ^astenosphere ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠣᠳᠣ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ 8 ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠦᠰᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠰᠧᠢᠰᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠭᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠶᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠧᠶᠢᠯᠧᠷ^Euler ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠲᠯᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
• ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠᠬᠤ^divergence ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ‍ᠡ᠋᠂
• ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ^convergence ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ‍ᠡ᠋᠂
• ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠍ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ^subduction ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠳᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠯᠢᠲᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠲᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄

ᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ (ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠢ) ᠪᠠ

ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ (200 ᠰᠠᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ (ᠵᠡᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠭᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 90% ᠨᠢ 8 ᠲᠣᠨᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ᠄

1. ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
2. ᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠠᠷᠻᠲᠢᠳᠠ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
3. ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
4. ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠥ-ᠠᠰᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
5. ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
6. ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
7. ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ
8. ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ

ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠰᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠻᠣᠻᠣᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠵᠦᠠᠨ᠍ ᠳ᠋ᠧ ᠹᠦᠻᠠ^{Juan de Fuca} ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠹᠠᠷᠠᠯᠥᠨ᠍ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃

@@ 22-р мөр: / 22-р мөр: @@
 ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠠᠮᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ<sup>astenosphere</sup> ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <br>
 ᠠᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠣᠳᠣ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ 8 ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠦᠰᠡ ᠨᠣᠭᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ <br>
+ᠰᠧᠢᠰᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠲᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠨᠢᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠭᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ <br>
+ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠶᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠧᠶᠢᠯᠧᠷ<sup>Euler</sup> ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠲᠯᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠣᠷᠧᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ <br>
+ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ <br>
+•	ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠᠬᠤ<sup>divergence</sup> ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ‍ᠡ᠋᠂  <br>
+•	ᠣᠢᠢᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ<sup>convergence</sup> ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠍ ‍ᠡ᠋᠂ <br>
+•	ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠍ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ<sup>subduction</sup> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠳᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠯᠢᠲᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠲᠧᠨᠣᠰᠫᠾᠧᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠭᠦᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦ ᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ <br>
+ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ <b>
+* ᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ</b> <small>(ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠢ) </small> ᠪᠠ <b>
+* ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ</b> <small> (200 ᠰᠠᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ) </small> ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ (ᠵᠡᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠭᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ <br>
+ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 90% ᠨᠢ 8 ᠲᠣᠨᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ᠄
+{{Horizontal}}1. {{Z}}ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋  ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}2. {{Z}}ᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠠᠷᠻᠲᠢᠳᠠ  ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}3. {{Z}}ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠻᠠ  ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}4. {{Z}}ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠥ-ᠠᠰᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}5. {{Z}}ᠢᠨ᠍ᠳᠣᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}6. {{Z}}ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br>
+{{Horizontal}}7. {{Z}}ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ <br>
+{{Horizontal}}8. {{Z}}ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ<br><br>
+ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠰᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠻᠣᠻᠣᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠵᠦᠠᠨ᠍ ᠳ᠋ᠧ ᠹᠦᠻᠠ<sup>Juan de Fuca</sup> ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠹᠠᠷᠠᠯᠥᠨ᠍ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃ <br><br>
+==ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠳ (ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ)==