"ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ"-ны өөр хувилбарууд

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ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ g ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ P ᠴᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ g ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ P ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ g ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ h ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Benno Klotzek: . 1. Auflage. Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-8171-1583-0</ref>   
ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ <math>g</math> ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ <math>P</math> ᠴᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ <math>g</math> ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ <math>P</math> ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ <math>g</math> ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ <math>h</math> ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃<ref>Benno Klotzek: . 1. Auflage. Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-8171-1583-0</ref>   


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26-р мөр: 26-р мөр:
ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠫᠧᠷᠫᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠴᠤ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<br>
ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠫᠧᠷᠫᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠴᠤ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<br>


ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃


ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠲᠠᠭᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃  
ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠲᠠᠭᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃<ref>[http://www.e-osnova.ru/PDF/osnova_3_24_3845.pdf О.А.Старова. Геометрия Римана. 2012/12]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/02]</ref>


ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍᠋ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  
ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍᠋ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃  


ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄   
ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄   
 
<br><br>
 
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">
<math>L = \pi r</math><br><br>ᠧᠯᠯᠢᠫᠰ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ <math>>180^\circ</math>ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
<br><br><br><br>
<math>L = \pi r</math>
<br><br>
<span style="max-height: 20vh; writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'">
ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">L</span> ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ᠂ <br><span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">r</span> ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠰᠦ (ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠦ᠋ᠰ)᠃
</span>
</span><br><br>
ᠧᠯᠯᠢᠫᠰ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">180°</span> ᠡᠴᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃<ref>[https://mathworld.wolfram.com/EllipticGeometry.html WolframMathWorld. Elliptic Geometry]. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/02</ref>


==ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ==
==ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ==

10:49, 2 Гуравдугаар сар 2021-ий байдлаарх засвар

ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ

ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠮᠤᠷᠤᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠵᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠳᠡᠭ᠃[1]

ᠠᠻᠰᠢᠣᠮ


ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋


ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋[2]

ᠪᠠᠰᠠ᠄

ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃[3]

ᠪᠠᠰᠠ᠄

ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠧᠷᠫᠧᠨ᠍ᠡᠳᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠢ ᠫᠧᠷᠫᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ "ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠯᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠫᠧᠷᠫᠧᠨ᠍ᠳᠢᠻᠦ᠋ᠯᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠴᠤ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠲᠤᠢᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠌ ᠊ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠲᠠᠭᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[4]

ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍᠋ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠄







ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄
L ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ᠂
r ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠰᠦ (ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠦ᠋ᠰ)᠃


ᠧᠯᠯᠢᠫᠰ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠥᠨᠴᠦᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ 180° ᠡᠴᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃[5]

ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ


1. ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ (ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ)
2. ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᢩᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠯᠧᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ (ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ)
3. ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ (ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ)


ᠷᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠻ᠊ᠯᠢᠳ᠋᠂ ᠭᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠰ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠶᠠᠢ᠂ ᠯᠣᠪᠠᠴᠧᠹᠰᠻᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ  ᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃
ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ  ᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠣ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ  ᠦ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠥᠭᠴᠡᠢ᠃

ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ



ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ

  1. https://science.wikia.org/ru/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 Наука. Геометрия Римана. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/28
  2. https://bigenc.ru/mathematics/text/2652171 Н. В. Ефимов. Неевклидовы геометрии. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/02/23
  3. Benno Klotzek: . 1. Auflage. Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-8171-1583-0
  4. О.А.Старова. Геометрия Римана. 2012/12. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/02]
  5. WolframMathWorld. Elliptic Geometry. ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2021/03/02