Sunyata
ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ
ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ
ᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ
ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ
ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠭᠡ
ᠮᠡᠲᠦ
ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ᠃
ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠬᠢ
ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ
ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠰᠢᠲᠡᠢ᠁
ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠄
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ "ᠨᠣᠮ" ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ शून्यता ᠱᠦᠦ ᠨᠶᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠ᠋ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ སྟོང་པ་ཉིད᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠰᠲᠣᠩ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠶ᠋ᠢᠳ᠋᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳᠣᠩᠪᠠᠨᠢᠳ) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ (मध्यमक ᠮᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠾᠶᠠ᠋ ᠮᠠ᠋ ᠻᠠ) ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ ᠠ᠋ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ[1]᠂ ᠰᠠᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠮ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ [2]
ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠨᠣᠮ (ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ) ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠩᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠳ ᠲᠤ
ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠴᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠨᠣᠮᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ[3][4]
ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ प्रज्ञा ᠫᠷᠠᠵᠨ᠍ᠶᠠ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ ཤེས་རབ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠱᠧᠰ ᠷᠠᠪ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠱᠡᠢᠢᠷᠠᠪ) ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃ [5]
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ (माया ᠮᠠ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠ᠋ ᠠ᠋) ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦ (स्वप्न ᠰᠸᠠᠫᠨᠠ) ᠮᠠᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠲᠤ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ अष्टसाहस्रिकाप्रज्ञापारमितासूत्र ᠠᠱᠲ᠋ᠠᠰᠠᠾᠠᠰᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠫᠷᠠᠵᠨ᠍ᠶᠠ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠫᠠ ᠠ᠋ ᠷᠠᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠠ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠦᠦᠲ᠋ᠷᠠ ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ ཤེར་ཕྱིན་བརྒྱད་སྟོང་པ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠱᠧᠷ ᠫᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠷᠭᠶᠠᠳ᠋ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠩ ᠪᠠ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠰᠢᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠳᠳᠣᠩᠪᠠ) ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠦ᠄
ᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠰ ᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠴᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠳᠮᠤᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠮᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃[6]
ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠪᠣᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠥ᠋ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠡ᠋᠃[7]
ᠸᠴᠢᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠣᠭᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠢ᠄
ᠣᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠦᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠵᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ
ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳᠡᠷᠢ᠂ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠰᠦ᠂
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦ᠂ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ
ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ
ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ᠄
སྐར་མ་རབ་རིབ་མར་མེ་དང༌། །
སྒྱུ་མ་ཟིལ་པ་ཆུ་བུར་དང་། །
རྨི་ལམ་གློག་དང་སྤྲིན་ལྟ་བུ། །
འདུས་བྱས་དེ་ལྟར་བལྟ་བར་བྱ། །
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠤᠩᠭᠢᠳᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠨobject ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ᠂ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ᠂ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃ [8]
ᠨᠢᠷᠸᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡ᠂ ᠶᠧᠯᠸᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃[9]
ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠬ᠋ᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠰ ᠴᠤ (ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠬᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ) ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠄
ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃
ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃[10]
ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃
ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ᠄
रूपं शून्यता, शून्यतैव रूपम्।
रूपान्न पृथक् शून्यता, शून्यताया न पृथग् रूपम्।
यद्रूपं सा शून्यता, या शून्यता तद्रूपम्।
ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ᠄
གཟུགས་སྟོང་པའོ། སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་གཟུགས་སོ།
གཟུགས་ལས་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་གཞན་མ་ཡིན།
སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་ལས་ཀྱང་གཟུགས་གཞན་མ་ཡིན་ནོ།།
ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠦᠷᠬᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠣᠨᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠸᠠᠲᠾᠢᠰᠠᠲ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠸᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠌᠄ मध्यमक ᠮᠠᠲᠾᠶᠠᠮᠠᠻᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དབུ་མ, ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠪᠦ᠋ ᠮᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠸᠦᠮ ᠠ᠋) ᠪᠣᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦ᠋ᠨᠠ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ नागार्जुन᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ མགོན་པ་ཀླུ་སྒྲུབ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠮᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠣ ᠻᠯᠦ᠋ ᠰᠭᠷᠦ᠋ᠪ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠮᠪᠣᠯᠦ᠋ᠳᠦᠪ ) ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃[11]
ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦᠨᠠ ᠨᠣᠮᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃[12][13][14]
ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠷᠵᠤᠨᠠ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠦ᠄
ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠵᠢ ᠮᠥᠷ᠃
ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃[15]
ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃[16]
ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ
ᠶᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ समधिनिर्मोचना᠂ ᠰᠠᠩᠲᠾᠢᠨᠢᠷᠮᠣᠨᠣᠴᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དགོངས་པ་ངེས་འགྲེལ༏᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳ᠋ᠭᠣᠩᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠩᠧᠰ ᠠᠭᠷᠢᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠭᠣᠩᠪᠠ ᠧᠳᠢᠯ) ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠨᠤᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋᠋ᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃[17]
ᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠷᠶᠦ᠋ ᠰᠻᠢᠯᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠣ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠣ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠨᠲᠤsubject (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ: ग्राहक᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ: འཛིན་པ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠴᠢᠯᠠᠪᠡᠰᠦ᠄ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢ ) ᠪᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨobject (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ: ग्राह्य, ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ: བཛུང་པ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠴᠢᠯᠠᠪᠡᠰᠦ᠄ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ) ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[18]
ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯ (Skt. मध्यांतविभागकारिका; Tib. དབུ་མཐའ་རྣམ་འབྱེད་) ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠦ᠄
ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃[19]
ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠠᠰᠦ᠋ᠪᠠᠨ᠍ᠲᠾᠦ᠋ (ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ᠄ वसुबन्धु᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠄ དབྱིག་གཉེན᠂ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠳᠪᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠭᠨ᠍ᠶᠧᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠵᠢᠭᠨᠢᠨ) ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ (आभूत-परिकल्प) ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ᠃
ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠢᠢᠨᠬᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠷᠤᠨᠲᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠃[20]
ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠨ᠍ ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠍ ᠦ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠰ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭརྣམ་པར་རིག་བྱེད (विज्ञप्तिः) ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ᠃[21]
ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ
ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠲᠾᠢᠰᠮ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠴᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠮᠦᠢ᠃
ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠨᠲᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠄
- ᠭᠡᠯᠦᠭ (དགེ་ལུགས) ᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
- ᠭᠠᠷᠵᠦᠳᠪᠠ (བཀའ་བརྒྱུད) ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭ᠃
- ᠰᠠᠵᠢ (ས་སྐྱ) ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠦ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃[22]
- ᠵᠣᠭᠴᠧᠨ (རྫོགས་ཆེན) ᠦ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠢᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠤ “ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ” (ཀུན་གཞི) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠳᠠᠭ[23]
ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠠᠪᠠ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ
- ↑ Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge, 68–69. ISBN 978-1-134-25056-1
- ↑ Christopher W. Gowans (2014). Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge, 69–70. ISBN 978-1-317-65934-1
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009
- ↑ Жадамба судар. Орч. Бугат Л.Алтангэрэл. Улаанбаатар. 2014 он
- ↑ Orsborn, Matthew Bryan. “Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra”, University of Hong Kong , 2012
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.Routledge, 2009
- ↑ Williams, Paul, and Anthony J. Tribe. Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition. London: Routledge, 2000
- ↑ Хутагт ялж төгс нөгцсөн эх билгийн чанадад хүрсэний зүрхэн оршвой. Түвд хэлнээс орчуулсан Ч.Хатанбаатар. Хянан тохиолдуулсан Б.Идэрбаяр. ©Их Хөлгөний Уламжлалыг Хадгалах Төв. УБ 2013
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000
- ↑ Kalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications
- ↑ Tsondru, Mabja. Ornament of Reason. Snow Lion Publications. 2011
- ↑ Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002
- ↑ Bronkhorst, Johannes (2009), Buddhist Teaching in India, Wisdom Publications
- ↑ Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002
- ↑ King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994
- ↑ Skilton, Andrew (1994). A Concise History of Buddhism. Windhorse Publications, London
- ↑ King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994
- ↑ King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994
- ↑ Kalupahana, David J. The Principles of Buddhist Psychology. Satguru Publications, Delhi 1992
- ↑ Коробов В. Б., Железнова Н. А. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Степанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011
- ↑ Иванов В. П. Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия (рус.) / под ред. М. Т. Стнпанянц. — М.: Восточная литература, 2011