ᠺᠣᠮᠫ᠊ᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ ᠠ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫ᠊ᠯᠧᠺᠰ^complex ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍᠋ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠯᠢᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ $x^{2}+1=0$ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠺᠣᠮᠫ᠊ᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ a + bi ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ a ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ b ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ i ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠢᠭᠡᠳ i² = −1 ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠦᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃

ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫ᠊ᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠳᠡᠭ᠃

ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠬ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠬᠡᠪᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠶ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠶ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ᠋ᠳ᠋ ‍ᠤᠨArgand ᠳᠢᠶᠠᠭ᠋ᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠸᠧᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷvector ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠶ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ (a, b) ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ: Re ᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ᠂ Im ᠢᠨᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ i ᠢᠨᠦ i2 = −1 ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃

ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ

ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ

ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠨ᠎ ‍ᠡ᠋᠃

$(a+bi)+(c+di)=$ $=(a+c)+(b+d)i$

ᠬᠠᠰᠤᠬᠤ

ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎‍ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ‍ᠦᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠰᠤᠶᠤ᠃

$(a+bi)-(c+di)=$ $=(a-c)+(b-d)i$

ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠭᠦᠬᠦ (commutative)᠂ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ (associatove)᠂ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠬᠤ (distributive) ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠃

$(a+bi)(c+di)=$ $=ac+bci-bd+adi=$ $=(ac-bd)+(bc+ad)i$

2 + i ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ (ᠴᠡᠩᠬᠡᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ) ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ 3 + i ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ) ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠦ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠴᠡᠩᠬᠡᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠶ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ √5 ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠴᠡᠩᠬᠡᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠾᠢᠫᠣᠲ᠋ᠧᠨᠦᠽ ‍ᠤᠨhypotenuse ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃

ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠣᠰᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠣᠰᠮᠠᠭ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃

${\frac {a+bi}{c+di}}=$ $={\frac {\left(a+bi\right)\left(c-di\right)}{\left(c+di\right)\left(c-di\right)}}=$ $={\frac {ac+bd}{c^{2}+d^{2}}}+\left({\frac {bc-ad}{c^{2}+d^{2}}}\right)i.$

ᠻᠸᠠᠲᠷᠠᠲ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠲᠷᠠᠲ^quadrate ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎‍ᠡ᠋᠃

$(x+yi)^{2}=x^{2}-y^{2}+2xyi.$

ᠻᠸᠠᠲᠷᠠᠲ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ

ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠯᠧᠺᠰ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ a + bi (b ≠ 0) ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠸᠠᠲᠷᠠᠲ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ $\pm (\gamma +\delta i)$ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠄ $\gamma ={\sqrt {\frac {a+{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}{2}}}$ ᠪᠠ $\delta =(\operatorname {sgn} b){\sqrt {\frac {-a+{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}{2}}}$ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠤᠢ᠃ sgn b ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠨᠦ $\operatorname {sgn} b={\begin{cases}\ \ 1,&b>0\\\ \ 0,&b=0\\-1,&b<0\end{cases}}$ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢᠢᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ $\pm (\gamma +\delta i)$ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠲᠷᠠᠲ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ a + bi ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ᠃

ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠡ

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