ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠨᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ

ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ‍ᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ‍ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ‍ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ (ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠨᠡᠭᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ "ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ" ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ) ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ᠂ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠶ᠋ᠢᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ‍ᠦᠳ᠃

ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ

ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯ "ᠲᠡᠩᠢᠢᠰ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ^Merlion"


ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ
ᠠᠭ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠠᠭ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ Аги́нский Буря́тский автоно́мный о́круг ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ 2008 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 1 ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ	ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ	ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ सिन्धु^Sindhu ᠂ ᠫᠧᠷᠰ Hindu ᠂ ᠰᠣᠭᠳᠠ 'yintk'k᠂ ᠤᠢᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠡᠨᠠᠲᠬᠠᠬ^Enatkak .^[1]
ᠢᠷᠠᠨ	ᠰᠠᠷᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯ
ᠣᠷᠤᠰ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ
ᠦᠰᠲᠢ ᠣᠷᠳᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠣᠷᠳᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ Усть-Орды́нский Буря́тский автоно́мный о́круг ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ 2008 ᠣᠨ ‍ᠤ 1 ᠰᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ 1 ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠦᠽᠪᠧᠻ	ᠴᠠᠩᠲᠤᠤ^[2]
ᠪᠠᠯᠪᠠ	ᠪᠠᠯᠪᠠ	ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠡᠷ བལ་ཡུལ^{bal yul} "ᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ"᠂ བལ་པོ ^{bal po} "ᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ"; ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠌"ᠨᠧᠫᠠᠯ^Nepal" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ" ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ	ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ баргуты ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ
ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠷ	ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷ
ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ буряты ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ
ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ	ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠌"ᠻᠠᠯᠮᠢᠻ^калмык" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ	ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ	ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠵᠦᠷᠴᠢᠳ᠂ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ 907 - 1125 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ "ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ
ᠬᠣᠲᠤᠩ	ᠬᠣᠲᠤᠩ
ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠠᠫᠣᠷ	ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭^Siṃhapura ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ"
ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠢᠢᠭᠤᠷ	ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠤᠢᠢᠭᠤᠷ^[3]	ᠭᠠᠨ᠍ᠰᠤ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠢᠢᠭᠤᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠰ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠷᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠤᠰ	ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ	ᠬᠠᠮᠨᠢᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ
ᠱᠷᠢ ᠯᠠᠩᠻᠠ	ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ	सिंहलद्वीप:^{Siṃhaladvīpaḥ} ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ^[4]
ᠲᠤᠸᠠ	(ᠲᠠᠩᠨᠤ) ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ
ᠲᠦᠩᠭᠦᠰ	ᠬᠠᠮᠨᠢᠭᠠᠨ
ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ	ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ	ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ töbe ᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠪ ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠌"ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ᠌᠌"
ᠲᠦᠷᠻ	ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ
ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ daur᠂ даур ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ᠃
ᠴᠦᠻᠴᠠ	ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠲᠡᠨ
ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ	ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ	ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠻᠣᠲ ᠳ'ᠢᠸᠦ᠋ᠠᠷ^{Côte d'Ivoire} ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠤ
ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ	ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ	日本 ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ "ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠤ
ᠶᠠᠻᠦᠲ	ᠶᠠᠬᠠᠳ
ᠶᠧᠭᠢᠫᠧᠲ	ᠮᠢᠰᠢᠷ	ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ مصر ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ "ᠬᠢᠯᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠤ
ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ	ᠸᠢᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠳ
ᠻᠠᠽᠠᠻ	ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ
ᠻᠢᠷᠭᠢᠽ	ᠬᠢᠷᠭᠢᠰ	ᠤᠪᠰᠤ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠷᠭᠢᠰ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ
ᠾᠦᠩᠭᠠᠷᠢ	ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ	ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ Magyar ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠤ

ᠬᠣᠲᠠ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠦᠳ

ᠠᠯᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ
ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ བསྟན་རྒྱས་གླིང^[5] ᠬᠡᠢᠢᠳ ‍ᠦᠨ
ᠰᠤᠪᠤᠷᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ


ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ

ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ ᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠭ	ᠠᠯᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠌"Alxa"᠂ "Алашань" ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋
ᠡᠯᠡᠰᠦᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠡᠯᠡᠰᠦᠲᠦ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ "Elista" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ᠂ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ	ᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ "Irkutsk" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠳᠡ	ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠳᠡ
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ	ᠴᠢᠹᠧᠩ
ᠥᠷᠦᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠥᠷᠦᠮᠴᠢ
ᠨᠠᠦ᠋ᠱᠻᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ	Наушки
ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠰᠢᠩᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠰᠢᠩᠲᠤ	ᠲᠣᠩᠯᠢᠶᠠᠣ᠋
ᠪᠣᠷᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠪᠣᠷᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋	ᠪᠣᠯᠧ
ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ	ᠪᠠᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠣ
ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠲᠤ	1727 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ‍ᠢ "ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠬᠲᠤ"᠂ "ᠲᠷᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠼᠻᠣᠰᠠᠸᠰᠻ^{Троицкосавск}"᠂ "ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠭᠡ" ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ‍ᠶ᠋ᠢ "ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠲᠤ"᠂ "ᠮᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠠᠢᠴᠢᠨ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠᠳ "ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ	ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠴᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠮ	ᠶᠠᠬᠡ ᠴᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠮ

ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ

ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ


ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ	ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ
ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ	ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠲ᠋ᠢᠱ^{(Иртыш, Irtysh)} ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠠ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ᠌ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠣᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠸᠣᠯᠭ᠌ᠠ^Volga᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠥᠳ ᠢᠲ᠋ᠢᠯ^Ityl ᠭᠡᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠤᠭᠤ
ᠦᠵᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ	ᠦᠵᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ	ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠦ ᠵᠶᠢᠠ^Wujia ᠾᠥ᠋ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠤ᠃
ᠪᠣᠷᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠤᠢ	ᠪᠣᠷᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠤᠢ	ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠰ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ‍ᠢ ᠥᠷᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ᠃ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠾᠥ᠋ ᠲᠠᠣ᠋ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠤ᠃
ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ	ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ	ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠾᠦᠠᠩ ᠾᠥ᠋ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠣᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠦ ᠠᠵᠤ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ‍ᠢ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠬᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠬᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍᠋ᠠ᠋ "ᠾᠧᠶ ᠾᠠᠢ" ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠬᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠳᠤ "ᠠᠮᠦ᠋ᠷ^Амур" ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ‍ᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠯ ‍ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ‍ᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ "ᠴᠢᠩᠾᠠᠢ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ "ᠶᠠᠩᠼᠽᠢ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠰᠢᠪᠢᠷ	ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠷ	"ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠳᠤ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠ ᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠳᠤ^[2]
ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ	ᠰᠢᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ
ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ	ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠨ ‍ᠤ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ	ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ‍ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ "ᠰᠠᠶᠠᠨ" ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ	ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ	ᠱᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠻᠠᠽᠠᠬᠰᠲᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ‍ᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠨᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ	ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ	ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ "ᠲᠶᠠᠨ᠍ ᠱᠠᠨ᠍" ᠨᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠢᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠴᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠮ	ᠴᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠮ	ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ‍ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ཚྭའི་འདམ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠷᠲᠤ^[1] ᠨᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃
ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠰᠠᠩ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠵᠠᠢᠢᠰᠠᠩ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ	ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠻᠠᠽᠠᠬᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ
ᠻᠠᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ	ᠬᠠᠷ ‍ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠯ ‍ᠠ᠋	ᠻᠠᠽᠠᠬᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠊ᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ‍ᠡ᠋ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠠᠲᠠᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠯᠬᠠᠱ ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠬᠤᠬᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ
ᠻᠦᠨ ᠯᠦᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ	ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ᠣ᠂ ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠷᠧᠳᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠳ᠌᠂ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠲᠣᠭᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠂ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠪ᠂ ᠠᠮᠤᠷᠵᠢᠷᠭᠠᠯ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ 1997
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 https://mongoltoli.mn/dictionary/detail/127231 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/10
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4p0TLRdq7o&fbclid=IwAR1ekllNuhd_ep56vGNPpSct71-DAWVmgBL77dcHYWF6uRF9zo4R1z_qvsc Mátyás Balogh᠃ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠯᠡ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/13
↑ https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&direct=au&script=hk&anz=all&tran_input=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%3A ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ - ᠠᠩᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/14
↑ https://kknews.cc/zh-sg/travel/bk4e9a9.html

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ᠣ᠂ ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠷᠧᠳᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠳ᠌᠂ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠲᠣᠭᠤᠭ᠎ ‍ᠠ᠋᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠂ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠪ᠂ ᠠᠮᠤᠷᠵᠢᠷᠭᠠᠯ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ 1997

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 https://mongoltoli.mn/dictionary/detail/127231 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/10

[3] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4p0TLRdq7o&fbclid=IwAR1ekllNuhd_ep56vGNPpSct71-DAWVmgBL77dcHYWF6uRF9zo4R1z_qvsc Mátyás Balogh᠃ ᠶᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠯᠡ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/13

[4] ttps://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&direct=au&script=hk&anz=all&tran_input=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%3A ᠰᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷᠳᠢ - ᠠᠩᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2020/12/14

[5] ttps://kknews.cc/zh-sg/travel/bk4e9a9.html

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