ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ᠂ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠩᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠲᠣᠪᠬᠢᠮᠠᠯ᠂ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ᠂ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠱ᠂ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠴᠧᠬ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃
| ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ
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|---|---|
| ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠣᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | |
| ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠩᠨᠠᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | 1905 ᠣᠨ ᠦ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ 21 |
| ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠴᠠᠷ | ᠪᠤᠯᠰᠠᠷᠠᠢ (ᠬᠨᠷᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠤᠷ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ)[1] |
| ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ | ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠥᠭᠥᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠣ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |
| ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠥᠳ | 1927 ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ 1977 ᠣᠨ |
| ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ |
| ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠣᠷᠠᠯ | ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠧᠧᠹ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ (ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠦᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ) 1914-1920 ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠦᠳᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠻᠤᠮ 1923-1924 |
| ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠣᠯᠠᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ
ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ |
| ᠬᠣᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ |
| ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ/ᠴᠣᠯ | ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢᠴᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ" |
| ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ | ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ᠂ "ᠳ᠋ᠧᠲ᠋ᠰᠻᠠᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷᠠ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ "ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠳᠠᠯ" |
ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ
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ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ᠂ 1924 ᠣᠨ |
ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1905 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ ᠢᠢᠨ 21 ᠡ᠋ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠠᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠰᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ[2] ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠠ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃[3]
ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠᠵᠠᠪ (1874-1921) ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠪᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠩᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠮᠳᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠮᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠭᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[4]
ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨᠳᠥᠷᠵᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠯᠦᠨᠴᠡ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠨᠮᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨ ∙ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ (1866-1923) ᠭᠦᠩ ᠳ᠋᠋ᠦ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ 1914 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠪᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠴᠦ ᠡᠯᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠪᠡ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ 1924-1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠩᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠰᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃
1927-1936 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠵᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠬᠢᠸ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠲᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠶᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[5]
ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶ ᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃[5]
ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠫᠧᠷᠨᠤᠹᠰᠻᠢ 1937 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 8 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 28 ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ 115 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 77 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠠ᠋ – ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ 1937 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 9 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 10 ᠍ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠵᠤ᠂ "ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠯᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠳᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ 1937᠂ 1938 ᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1939 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 4 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠻᠣᠮᠢᠰᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃[6]
1942 ᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ "ᠦᠨᠡᠨ" ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠯᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃[6] ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠴᠧᠬ᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠱ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠼ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠧᠰᠫᠧᠷᠠᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠣ᠋᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠵᠡᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠤᠬᠤᠢ᠃[6]
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠵᠦ᠂ 10 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠱᠣᠷᠣᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[7]
ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠧᠣᠳᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠢᠳᠧᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠳ᠃ ᠰᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ "ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠ᠃[7]
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1942-1958 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ "ᠦᠨᠡᠨ" ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠧᠳᠠᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ᠂ 1958-1977 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠍ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠬᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 5 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 16 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠻᠣᠮᠢᠰᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ᠂ 1963 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 05 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 025 ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃[6]
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠍ ᠳ᠋ᠦ "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ" ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ (Sc.D) ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1965 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ "ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠳᠠᠯ" ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1970 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠲᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ" ᠍ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠨᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ "ᠠᠪᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠ" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃[5]
ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ
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ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠴᠢ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠥᠰᠢᠶ ᠡ᠋᠃ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠴᠡᠪᠠᠭᠮᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ |
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠧᠻᠨᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠ᠍ᠨ᠍ᠼ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠮᠠ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠤ "ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠨᠠᠪᠠᠽᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠣᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠢ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ" ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠯᠧᠣᠨᠠᠷᠳᠣ᠋ ᠳ᠋ᠠ ᠸᠢᠨ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ "ᠵᠣᠻᠣᠨ᠍ᠳᠠ"᠂ ᠷᠠᠹᠠᠧᠯ ᠦᠨ "ᠡᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠢᠨᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠭ" ᠍ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠩ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[6]
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ᠂ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1945 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ "ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ" ᠻᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠍ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠲᠦ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠥᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠹᠠᠱᠢᠰᠲ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 2 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠨ᠍ᠭ᠌ᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ "ᠳ᠋ᠧᠲ᠋ᠰᠻᠠᠶᠠ ᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷᠠ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠢᠶᠧᠲ᠋ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠢᠪᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[6]
ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠨᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃[7]
ᠪᠦ᠊᠂ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠤ᠊᠂ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠤ᠂ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ XII ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠻᠣᠮᠮᠦ᠋ᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢᠻᠢᠲ᠋ᠠ ᠬᠷᠦ᠋ᠱᠶᠣᠹ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ᠋ᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠰᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠥᠮᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃[8]
ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ 1947 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠᠮᠴᠣ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠳᠬᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠥᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠩᠭᠦᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1957 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠯᠧᠻᠼᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠹᠦᠩᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠌"ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠨ᠂ "ᠵᠠ᠂ ᠪᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃[8] ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠻᠢᠷᠢᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ 1958 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠤᠴᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠍ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ
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ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ "ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ" |
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ 1956 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠯᠤᠭᠠ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠦ (1934)᠂
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ (1969-70)᠂
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠨᠢᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ (1965) ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠴᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ
ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠬᠠᠯ" 1964᠂
ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢ" 1966᠂
ᠭᠤᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ" 1966 (ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ)᠂
ᠳᠥᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ" 1967᠃
"ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ" ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠢᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠸᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠨᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ᠃[9]
ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ
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ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠵᠢ ᠻᠢᠨᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠤᠳ |
ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠢ ᠻᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠃ 1945
ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠢ 1964᠃
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ 1972᠃
ᠠᠨᠤ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ᠃
ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ᠃
ᠰᠢᠬᠦᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠨᠢᠶᠠ᠃
ᠰᠠᠨᠳᠣ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ᠃
ᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠠᠭᠠ 1951᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ᠃
ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠃ 3 ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠃ 1953-1954᠃
М.Горький, А.Пушкин, А.Чехов, Л.Толстой, Н.Островский, В.Маяковский, М.Шолохов, Д.Фурманов, Guy de Maupassant, Nâzım Hikmet Ran ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 20 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ 70 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 240 ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠮᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠷᠣᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠵᠢ᠂ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠷᠠᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠷᠪᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ
 |
ᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ |
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠡᠪᠤ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠᠵᠠᠪ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠡᠬᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠵᠢ ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠮᠳᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠮᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠢ ᠣ᠊ ∙ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠ "ᠦᠨᠡᠨ" ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠪᠠ᠃[10]
ᠣ᠊ ∙ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠰᠠᠮᠫᠢᠯᠣᠨ (ᠰᠠᠮᠫᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ) ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠰᠠᠮᠫᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠢ 1929 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢᠰ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ 10 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠥᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ 1938 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠰᠠᠮᠫᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠬᠢᠨ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠢᠢ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃[11]
ᠣ᠊ ∙ ᠷᠠᠳᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠪ ∙ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠬᠡᠨᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠪ.ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠠᠮᠫᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠬᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠰᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃[11]
ᠦᠬᠢᠨ ᠷᠢ᠊ ∙ ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ᠂ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠲᠦ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠷᠢ᠊ ∙ ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠳ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠸᠠᠩ᠂ ᠥᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠣᠯᠮᠣᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠵᠦᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠴᠢ᠃
ᠷᠢ᠊ ∙ ᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷᠠ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠵᠣᠣ᠋ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ᠂ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠷᠢ᠊ ∙ ᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠫᠯᠣᠮᠠᠲ᠋ ᠵ ∙ ᠭᠠᠨᠢᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠭᠠᠨᠢᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠦ ᠬᠠᠰ ᠪᠠᠩᠻᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠯ ᠠᠮᠤᠷᠲᠦ᠋ᠪᠰᠢᠨ᠃
ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠻᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢᠴᠢ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠰᠪᠣᠯᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠫᠠᠯᠧᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠰᠪᠣᠯᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠯᠢᠬᠳᠡᠨ ᠫᠠᠯᠧᠣᠨ᠍ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠭᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠳᠡᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠠᠯᠴᠢᠨ᠃
ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠬᠢᠨ ᠱᠢᠨᠵᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ György Kara ᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃
ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ - монголоведение - Mongolian studies
ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ - лингвистика - linguistics
ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠲᠡ - репрессия - political purge
ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠬᠠᠯ - реабилитация - rehabilitation
ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ - литература - literature
ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ- национализм - nationalism
ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ - шовинизм - chauvinism
ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ - лингвистика - linguistics
ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ - грамматика - grammar
ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ - фонетика - phonetics
ᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ - морфология - morphology
ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ - морфология - morphology
ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ - синтаксис - syntax
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ - алтаистика - Altaistica
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ - диалект - dialect
ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ - говор - subdialect
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ
- ↑ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠮᠨᠠᠯ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠃ 2016᠃ http://altanbulag.se.gov.mn/news/230/single/103
- ↑ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ)᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2022/11/13᠃https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/47
- ↑ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡᠴᠦᠳᠳ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠢᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠃ 2021/02/22᠃ http://selenge.gov.mn/beta/3/item/16
- ↑ ᠴ᠂ ᠣᠳᠬᠠᠨᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ᠃ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ᠄ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩ᠊᠂ᠴᠠ᠊᠂ᠮᠡ᠊᠂ 2022/09/19᠃ https://montsame.mn/en/read/304129
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 ᠷᠢ᠊᠂ ᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷᠠ᠃ ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ Newsfeed 2022/01/15. https://newsfeed.mn/uls-tur/byambyn-rincheniy-amdralyn-bodit-tkh
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ (1905 – 1977)᠃ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ 2016/07/26.https://hureelen.wordpress.com/2016/07/26/%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-1905-1977/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠴᠢ ᠪ᠂ ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠡ᠋᠃ Eaglenews 2019/11/22. http://eagle.mn/r/65451
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠢᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠃ "ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ" ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ 2016. https://www.tolgoilogch.mn/_rz0lbilwgd/al
- ↑ ᠴ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ-ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠴ᠂ ᠱᠠᠭᠳᠤᠷᠰᠦᠷᠦᠩ: ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠮᠢᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠣᠯᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠ 2015/11/23.http://www.olloo.mn/n/22961.html
- ↑ ᠴ᠂ ᠬᠠᠰᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠃ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠢᠢᠵᠤ ᠭᠤᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠯ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ 2022/11/23. http://www.bolod.mn/mobile.php?nid=135604
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 ᠯ᠂ ᠡᠩᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠃ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠳ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ 2013, 4 (166). https://mongolstudy.blogspot.com/2016/05/blog-post_23.html