"Квант механик"-ны өөр хувилбарууд

Квант механик (засварлах)

17:23, 26 Тавдугаар сар 2019-ий байдлаарх засвар

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@@ 4-р мөр: / 4-р мөр: @@
 ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ᠂ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠺᠶ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠥᠮ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠲᠣ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠶ ᠪᠠ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠺᠶ ᠊ᠢ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‍ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠮᠠᠻᠷᠣᠰᠻᠣᠫᠶ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠣ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠠᠰᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠧᠾᠨᠣᠯᠣᠺᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠬᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠣᠷᠢ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠴᠦ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠣ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠮᠠᠻᠷᠤ᠋ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠢᠻᠷᠣ᠋ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠣᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠣᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃[1] ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠣᠬᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃  ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠢᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠊ᠳᠦ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻᠴᠢᠳ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ 20 ᠊ᠳᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠵᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠭᠦᠥᠷᠨᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ‍ᠦ ᠳᠠᠰᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠮ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠢ ᠠ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠳᠠᠰᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠳᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠭᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠥᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠴᠠ ᠊ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠳᠣᠻᠰ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠷᠢᠴᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠹᠧᠢᠢᠨᠮᠠᠨ (Richard Feynman) ᠊ᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ 《ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠣ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ》[2]
 ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠺᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ (ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ (discrete) ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ) ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠮᠠᠰᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ᠂ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠥᠨ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠴᠦ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠶ᠂ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠯᠠᠯ) ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠨ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋) ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠯᠣᠰᠯᠠᠭᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[3]
-<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr;">
+=ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ=
-ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ
-•	ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ (Max Planck) ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ
-ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ: ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ
-ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ
-ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠦᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ
-=ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ (Max Planck) ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ=
 <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Hot Metal.jpg |thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span>
 <span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr;>
@@ 17-р мөр: / 11-р мөр: @@
   <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:RWP_comparison.jpg |thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span>
-ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ 1900 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ (Max Planck) ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[4] ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠣᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
+ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ 1900 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ</big></big></big> (Max Planck) <big><big><big>ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[4] ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠣᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
 ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋  ᠳᠦᠩ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠢ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ 《ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ》᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠫᠷᠥᠫᠥᠷᠼᠢᠶᠥᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃
 ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ h  ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠳᠬ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠨᠢ 6.63×10−34 ᠵᠣᠥ᠋ᠯ (Joule) ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠋ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃ f  ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ
@@ 48-р мөр: / 42-р мөр: @@
 ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠣ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠨ᠋᠊ᠸᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠢᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠤ᠋ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠠᠯᠣᠩᠭᠢᠳᠠ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠢ  ᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠣ ᠦᠷᠡᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠤ᠋ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠦ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠲᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠻ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠤ᠋ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ  ᠣ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠬᠠᠬᠣ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠨᠠᠮᠢᠻ  ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳᠣ ᠲᠣᠰᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠢᠭ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠨᠡᠡ᠃
-=ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ=</span>
+=ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ=
+</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
+<small><small><small>
 <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">
-•	Bernstein, Jeremy (2005). "Max Born and the quantum theory". American Journal of Physics 73 (11): 999. Bibcode:2005AmJPh..73..999B. doi:10.1119/1.2060717.
+• Bernstein, Jeremy (2005). "Max Born and the quantum theory". American Journal of Physics 73 (11): 999. Bibcode:2005AmJPh..73..999B. doi:10.1119/1.2060717.<br>
-•	Beller, Mara (2001). Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution. University of Chicago Press.
+• Beller, Mara (2001). Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution. University of Chicago Press.<br>
-•	Bohr, Niels (1958). Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. John Wiley & Sons].ASIN B00005VGVF. ISBN 0-486-47928-5. OCLC 530611.
+• Bohr, Niels (1958). Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. John Wiley & Sons].ASIN B00005VGVF. ISBN 0-486-47928-5. OCLC 530611.<br>
-•	de Broglie, Louis (1953). The Revolution in Physics. Noonday Press.LCCN 53010401.
+• de Broglie, Louis (1953). The Revolution in Physics. Noonday Press.LCCN 53010401.<br>
-•	Einstein, Albert (1934). Essays in Science. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-486-47011-3. LCCN 55003947.
+• Einstein, Albert (1934). Essays in Science. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-486-47011-3. LCCN 55003947.<br>
-•	Feigl, Herbert; Brodbeck, May (1953). Readings in the Philosophy of Science. Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 0-390-30488-3. LCCN 53006438.
+• Feigl, Herbert; Brodbeck, May (1953). Readings in the Philosophy of Science. Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 0-390-30488-3. LCCN 53006438.<br>
-•	Feynman, Richard P. (1949). "Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics". Physical Review 76 (6): 769–789.Bibcode:1949PhRv...76..769F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.76.769.
+• Feynman, Richard P. (1949). "Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics". Physical Review 76 (6): 769–789.Bibcode:1949PhRv...76..769F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.76.769.<br>
-•	Feynman, Richard P. (1990). QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-012505-4.
+• Feynman, Richard P. (1990). QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-012505-4.<br><br>
-•	Fowler, Michael (1999). The Bohr Atom. University of Virginia.
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-•	Lakshmibala, S. (2004). "Heisenberg, Matrix Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle". Resonance, Journal of Science Education 9 (8).
+• Fowler, Michael (1999). The Bohr Atom. University of Virginia.<br>
-•	Liboff, Richard L. (1992). Introductory Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.).
+• Heisenberg, Werner (1958). Physics and Philosophy. Harper and Brothers. ISBN 0-06-130549-9. LCCN 99010404.<br>
-•	Lindsay, Robert Bruce; Margenau, Henry (1957). Foundations of Physics. Dover.ISBN 0-918024-18-8. LCCN 57014416.
+• Lakshmibala, S. (2004). "Heisenberg, Matrix Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle". Resonance, Journal of Science Education 9 (8).
-•	McEvoy, J. P.; Zarate, Oscar. Introducing Quantum Theory. ISBN 1-874166-37-4.
+• Liboff, Richard L. (1992). Introductory Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.).<br>
-•	Nave, Carl Rod (2005). "Quantum Physics". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.
+• Lindsay, Robert Bruce; Margenau, Henry (1957). Foundations of Physics. Dover.ISBN 0-918024-18-8. LCCN 57014416.<br>
-•	Peat, F. David (2002). From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twenty-First Century. Joseph Henry Press.
+• McEvoy, J. P.; Zarate, Oscar. Introducing Quantum Theory. ISBN 1-874166-37-4.<br>
-•	Reichenbach, Hans (1944). Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press. ISBN 0-486-40459-5. LCCN a44004471.
+• Nave, Carl Rod (2005). "Quantum Physics". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.<br>
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+• Peat, F. David (2002). From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twenty-First Century. Joseph Henry Press.<br><br>
-•	Scientific American Reader, 1953.
-•	Sears, Francis Weston (1949). Optics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-19-504601-3. LCCN 51001018.
+<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">
-•	Shimony, A. (1983). "(title not given in citation)". Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (S. Kamefuchi et al., eds.). Tokyo: Japan Physical Society. p. 225.; cited in: Popescu, Sandu; Daniel Rohrlich (1996). "Action and Passion at a Distance: An Essay in Honor of Professor Abner Shimony". arXiv:quant-ph/9605004 [quant-ph].
+• Reichenbach, Hans (1944). Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press. ISBN 0-486-40459-5. LCCN a44004471.<br>
-•	Tavel, Morton; Tavel, Judith (illustrations) (2002). Contemporary physics and the limits of knowledge. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3077-2.
+• Schlipp, Paul Arthur (1949). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. Tudor Publishing Company. LCCN 50005340.
-•	Van Vleck, J. H.,1928, "The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 14: 179.
+• Scientific American Reader, 1953.<br>
-•	Wheeler, John Archibald; Feynman, Richard P. (1949). "Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action". Reviews of Modern Physics 21 (3): 425–433.Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..425W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.425.
+• Sears, Francis Weston (1949). Optics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-19-504601-3. LCCN 51001018.<br>
-•	Wieman, Carl; Perkins, Katherine (2005). "Transforming Physics Education". Physics Today 58 (11): 36. Bibcode:2005PhT....58k..36W. doi:10.1063/1.2155756.
+• Shimony, A. (1983). "(title not given in citation)". Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (S. Kamefuchi et al., eds.). Tokyo: Japan Physical Society. p. 225.; cited in: Popescu, Sandu; Daniel Rohrlich (1996). "Action and Passion at a Distance: An Essay in Honor of Professor Abner Shimony". arXiv:quant-ph/9605004 [quant-ph].<br>
-•	Westmoreland; Benjamin Schumacher (1998). "Quantum Entanglement and the Nonexistence of Superluminal Signals". arXiv:quant-ph/9801014 [quant-ph].
+• Tavel, Morton; Tavel, Judith (illustrations) (2002). Contemporary physics and the limits of knowledge. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3077-2.<br>
-•	Bronner, Patrick; Strunz, Andreas; Silberhorn, Christine; Meyn, Jan-Peter (2009). "Demonstrating quantum random with single photons". European Journal of Physics 30(5): 1189–1200. Bibcode:2009EJPh...30.1189B. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/5/026.
+• Van Vleck, J. H.,1928, "The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 14: 179.<br><br>
+<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb;">
+• Wheeler, John Archibald; Feynman, Richard P. (1949). "Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action". Reviews of Modern Physics 21 (3): 425–433.Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..425W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.425.<br>
+• Wieman, Carl; Perkins, Katherine (2005). "Transforming Physics Education". Physics Today 58 (11): 36. Bibcode:2005PhT....58k..36W. doi:10.1063/1.2155756.<br>
+• Westmoreland; Benjamin Schumacher (1998). "Quantum Entanglement and the Nonexistence of Superluminal Signals". arXiv:quant-ph/9801014 [quant-ph].<br>
+• Bronner, Patrick; Strunz, Andreas; Silberhorn, Christine; Meyn, Jan-Peter (2009). "Demonstrating quantum random with single photons". European Journal of Physics 30(5): 1189–1200. Bibcode:2009EJPh...30.1189B. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/5/026.