"Квант механик"-ны өөр хувилбарууд
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ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠺᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ (ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ (discrete) ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ) ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠮᠠᠰᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ᠂ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠥᠨ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠴᠦ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠶ᠂ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠯᠠᠯ) ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠨᠡ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠨ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋) ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠯᠣᠰᠯᠠᠭᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[3] | ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠺᠶ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ (ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ (discrete) ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ) ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠳᠣ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠮᠠᠰᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ᠂ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠥᠨ ᠊ᠣᠳ ᠴᠦ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠶ᠂ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠊ᠢ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠷᠯᠠᠯ) ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠨᠡ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠨ (ᠵᠢᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋) ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠯᠣᠰᠯᠠᠭᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠊ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[3] | ||
=ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ= | =ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠄ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠡᠶ ᠊ᠠ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ= | ||
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ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠥ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠵᠢᠷᠣᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠠᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠦ ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠣᠷᠲᠠ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠦᠶᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠣᠷᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠋ᠹᠷᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠻᠠᠮᠧᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠢᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ (ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠣᠯ) ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠰᠣ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠲᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠨᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠢ ᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠰ ᠬᠠ ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠥᠢᠢᠯᠡ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ》 ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ》 ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠥ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠵᠢᠷᠣᠭ ᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠠᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠦ ᠢᠯᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠣᠷᠲᠠ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠦᠶᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠣᠷᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠢᠨ᠋ᠹᠷᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠻᠠᠮᠧᠷ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠢᠡᠲᠦ ᠊ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠊ᠦᠨ (ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠣᠯ) ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨᠠ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠰᠣ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷ ᠠ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠲᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠨᠢ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠢ ᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠰ ᠬᠠ ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠥᠢᠢᠯᠡ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ》 ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠣ ᠰᠠᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 《ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠ ᠪᠡᠢ ᠡ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ》 ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ | ||
ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠲᠣᠷ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯ ᠡ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠮᠭᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠡ᠃ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠦᠷ ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠠ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠢᠢᠲᠣᠷ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯ ᠡ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠧᠮᠫᠧᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠮᠭᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠡ᠃ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠻᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠦᠷ ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠠ᠃ | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File: | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:RWP-comparison.svg|thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span> | ||
ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ 1900 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ</big></big></big> (Max Planck) <big><big><big>ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[4] ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠣᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠫᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ 1900 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠮᠠᠻᠰ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ</big></big></big> (Max Planck) <big><big><big>ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃[4] ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠥᠨᠢᠻ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠢᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠪᠣᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ | ||
ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠢᠠ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ 《ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ》᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠫᠷᠥᠫᠥᠷᠼᠢᠶᠥᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ᠋ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠢᠠ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠣ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ 《ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ》᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢᠢᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠻᠸᠠᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠫᠷᠥᠫᠥᠷᠼᠢᠶᠥᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠫᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠻ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ||
| 25-р мөр: | 25-р мөр: | ||
=ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ= | =ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ= | ||
<span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File: | <span style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb">[[File:Photoelectric_effect.png|thumb|<span style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; font-family: 'Noto Sans Mongolian'"><br> <br>]]</span> | ||
ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ (ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠮᠣ) ᠲᠣᠰᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠠᠩ᠋ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ (ᠧᠨᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠩ᠋ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ) ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣᠳ (ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠮᠣ) ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ | ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ (ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠮᠣ) ᠲᠣᠰᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠠᠩ᠋ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ (ᠧᠨᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠩ᠋ᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ) ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣᠳ (ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠰᠣᠮᠣ) ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠮᠣᠢ᠃ | ||
ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠵᠣ ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠾᠧᠢᠢᠨ᠋ᠷᠢᠬ᠌ ᠾᠧᠷᠼ 1887 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ [9] ᠹᠢᠯᠢᠫᠫ ᠯᠧᠨᠠᠷᠳ᠋ 1902 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠣᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠠᠪᠠᠰᠣ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲᠷᠣᠨ ᠰᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠥᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠣᠬᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠣᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠋ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠷᠴᠢᠯᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃[10]:24 ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠧᠢᠢᠨ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ (ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ f ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ hf ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ [9] ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭ᠍ᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ hf ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃[9] ᠲᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠯᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠣ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[9] | ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠠᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠳ ᠊ᠢ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠵᠣ ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠭᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠾᠧᠢᠢᠨ᠋ᠷᠢᠬ᠌ ᠾᠧᠷᠼ 1887 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ [9] ᠹᠢᠯᠢᠫᠫ ᠯᠧᠨᠠᠷᠳ᠋ 1902 ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠮᠣᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠴᠣ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠬᠣ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠠᠪᠠᠰᠣ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲᠷᠣᠨ ᠰᠣᠭᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠊ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠥᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠯᠣᠬᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠣᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨ᠋ ᠊ᠡ᠋᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠳᠣᠭ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠷᠴᠢᠯᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃[10]:24 ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠊ᠢ ᠧᠢᠢᠨ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠢᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮᠰ (ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ) ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠊ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠊ᠣᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ f ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ hf ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ [9] ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠭ᠍ᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠹᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ hf ᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠣᠯᠣᠭᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃[9] ᠲᠢᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠊ᠣ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠯᠡ ᠧᠯᠧᠻᠲ᠋ᠷᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠬᠣ ᠧᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠊ᠢᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ ᠊ᠡ᠋ ᠊ᠢᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠠᠬᠣ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃[9] | ||